FOREWORD
All parents dream of raising their children healthy and happy.
Modern moms and dads know very well what a huge influence
have environmental factors on the development of small
person. Sunlight and warmth, fresh clean air, high-grade
and a varied diet, love and attention of adults - all this is
fertile soil on which not only bodily health grows,
but also spiritual.
True, even today, many underestimate the importance of movement for
children early age... You can often hear: "I have a wonderful
baby, so calm. "Yes, it is convenient when the child is quietly lying in
crib, calmly sits in an armchair or stands in an arena, obediently walks
with an adult by the handle. But limitation of natural mobility, insufficient
physical activity has an extremely adverse effect on both
on the health of the baby, and on the formation of his personality. Especially
this problem is relevant for urban children who are forced to
spend part of the time indoors.
The lack of physical activity will help to fill in special
classes. Massage combined with gymnastics perfectly develops everything
organs and systems, has a tonic effect on the entire child
organism.
In addition, the gentle touch of parental hands, exercise
in the form of a game give great pleasure to the baby, strengthen the emotional
connection between him and adults.
As a result of regular exercise healthy child will become more perfect,
and those who are lagging behind in development will quickly catch up with their peers.
The system of massage and gymnastics proposed in this book is based on
on the methods of famous St. Petersburg pediatricians: K. D. Hubert,
M.G. Ryssa, A.F. Tura, which have been used for a long time and with great success.
in children's health and medical institutions.
The main part of the book is devoted to massage and gymnastics for a healthy
child, it details the features of psychomotor
development of children from the first days of life to three years, according to which
age complexes of exercises are proposed.
suffering from the most common diseases that require
long-term treatment with the obligatory participation of parents.
Massage and gymnastics are not only wonderful tool
prevention, but also the most important part of the comprehensive treatment of many
diseases. Naturally, in this case, the parents should consult
with a doctor.
This book can be useful to both parents and everyone who
works with young children. An accessible form of presentation and a large
the number of drawings allows you to master massage techniques and
special exercises and apply the knowledge gained as at home
conditions, and in children's health institutions.
May our children be healthy!
MASSAGE AND GYMNASTICS
FOR A HEALTHY CHILD
UNDER YEAR
FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S MASSAGE
Massage has a versatile effect on the child's body, exclusively
beneficial effects. Under the influence of massage from the skin to
countless streams of impulses are sent to the nerve pathways, which,
reaching the cerebral cortex, have a tonic effect on
the central nervous system, in connection with which its basic
function - control over the work of all organs and systems.
A powerful tactile stimulus, such as massage, in the chest
age is especially important: it has a significant impact on
the development of positive emotions and the formation of motor reactions.
Stroking, light patting on the cheek causes the baby
smile already in the first days of life, when other stimuli: visual
(adult smile) and auditory (affectionate conversation) are not always capable of
stimulate it. Pediatricians call this smile physiological,
as opposed to smiling in response to a call. Psychologists studying
the development of speech in children, they know that the first speech reactions (humming)
more often occur in response to stroking the legs, abdomen, while
other forms of communication with an adult do not revive the child.
These observations were theoretically substantiated in the works of physiologists,
which indicate that the pathways of the skin analyzer
ripen before all others (visual, auditory) and are ready
already to birth. Therefore, the child of the first months of life is the most accessible.
exposure through the skin; touch causes not only emotional,
but also certain motor reactions.
The human brain grows and develops exclusively thanks to his
use. The more often the sensitive and motor
endings of the brain in this moment time, the more volume it takes
the brain in the process of its growth. In this sense, brain growth is no different.
from muscle growth.
All the techniques of classic massage are used in children's massage:
stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration, light shock
techniques, some techniques of acupressure.
Different massage techniques have different effects on the nerves.
in a new system: stroking, gentle rubbing and kneading increase
inhibitory processes - they calm the nervous system. Generation
tingling and tingling have a stimulating effect.
In addition, massage acts directly on those organs and systems,
which are located closer to the skin: this is primarily l and m and h
e s c e s s s te m. Massage actively affects lymph circulation,
accelerating the flow of lymph and thereby facilitating the release of tissues from
metabolic products, so tired muscles rest during massage
faster than at complete rest.
Under the influence of massage, peripheral capillary net
expands, which is manifested by the turning pink of the skin (the effect that follows
achieve with massage). Blood flow to the massaged area
provides favorable conditions for nourishing and healing the skin:
it becomes pink, shiny, elastic.
The effect of different massage techniques on muscles is different: stroking,
rubbing, kneading causes muscle relaxation; generation
nibbling and tingling - contraction.
With the lethargy of the abdominal press and intestinal muscles, which
accompanied by flatulence (often found in infancy), massage
abdomen mechanically promotes the release of gases from the intestines
and acquires special significance in these cases.
When performing a massage, it must be remembered that the baby has skin
first months dry, thin, easily injured. Therefore, in the beginning, the techniques
massage should be gentle (stroking), then gradually
others can also be introduced: rubbing, light percussion techniques (beating
1-2 fingers), kneading. The intensity slowly increases and
duration of the procedure.
During the massage, the child's body should be horizontal
position (lying), and when massaging the limbs - they should be held
in a state of slight semi-flexion.
When massaging the legs, shocks to the knee joints should be avoided,
bypassing the patella from the outside, and not touching the anterior surface
When massaging the abdomen, it is necessary to spare the area of the liver (right
hypochondrium) and do not touch the genitals when patting the back
it is necessary to bypass the kidney area (lower back).
FEATURES OF GYMNASTICS
Movement is essential to normal development and the growth of the child,
as a result of systematic training, none of the systems will remain
without changes. These changes concern, first of all, muscles, bones,
cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which is especially important in
the period of their formation and the greatest plasticity.
Working muscle is known to consume nutrients
three times, and seven times more oxygen than inactive, therefore
while working, muscle tissue is more abundantly supplied with blood, which carries
her nutrients and oxygen. Muscles become round
elastic, strong and resilient.
When muscles contract at their attachment points, irritation occurs
periosteum, which stimulates bone growth, they become
thicker, wider and stronger.
Since the blood rushes to the working organs more abundantly, then
during movements, the volume of blood pushed by the heart into the vessels increases,
along with this, pulmonary ventilation also increases, i.e. saturation
blood oxygen.
The longer the physical activity, the deeper the breathing.
For a child, crawling a long segment without stopping is the same as for
an adult walk a few kilometers on foot.
During movement, heat is generated in the body; it is known that
during the cold season, when walking, children should move more, in
otherwise, they will chill even with a slight frost, as if
they were not well dressed. During movements, due to the increase
heat production, the work of the sweat glands, which are
the mechanism of heat regulation.
Thus, motor acts are served by respiratory systems,
blood circulation, heat regulation. All this requires mutual consistency.
in the work of all physiological systems, which depends on the corresponding
nervous regulation.
So, the nervous system is included in the training. Russian physiologist
I. M. Sechenov wrote that "the work of muscles is the work of the brain," and
this determined the interdependence of muscular work and the nervous system *.
Physiological data say that where the locomotor apparatus is located
in unfavorable conditions, general development is also delayed
higher nervous activity.
* See I.M.Sechenov. Reflexes of the brain. M., 1961.
The most important result of systematic gymnastics training is
normalization of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition. The main
properties of these processes: strength, balance, mobility -
improve, which is very important for correct and harmonious
personality development.
In raising children, it should not be underestimated that movements are
for them the main source of joy, and a good cheerful mood is
the basis of good health.
Each emotion corresponds to a special state and special character
work of the heart and blood vessels: negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger)
cause vasoconstriction, which creates unfavorable conditions for
tissue nutrition, joy dilates blood vessels, and thus favorable
conditions for nutrition and work of organs. We are used to everything
ascribe our feelings to the heart, hence the expressions “the heart stops
from fear, shrinks from pity, burns with anger, "etc. This connection of emotions
with the work of the heart and blood vessels was noted in ancient times:
"The heart is cold, hot, kind, evil, callous, sympathetic," etc.,
or "the skin turns pale, reddens with fear, shame," etc.
this connection, I.P. Pavlov found among our distant ancestors, each
"Feeling" was expressed by movement: fear turned into a run, anger - into
fight, joy was expressed by dancing (and movements, of course, are reflected
at the work of the heart and blood vessels), and thus “the exact
coordination between feelings and heart activity "*.
All of the above about the physiological effect of movements applies
not only to gymnastics, but also to movement in general - be it
independent vigorous activity or organized mobile
In free outdoor games, the child moves according to his own
initiative and at will changes movements, posture and alternates
recreational activities, therefore independent activities are the least
exhausting of all forms of physical activity of children.
However, it mainly satisfies the child's characteristic
extremely great need for movement. None of all others
forms of physical activity (organized outdoor games,
exercise, gymnastics) and even all of them taken together do not cover this
the need is as complete as an independent activity, provided that
of course, an appropriate environment to keep the children active
given age. Therefore, the organization of conditions (area, benefits,
*AND. P. Pavlov. Poly. collection cit., vol. 5. Moscow-Leningrad, Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952, p. 330-332.
toys) for outdoor games should be in the first place in the plan
education of children's movements.
Who does not know childish restlessness and seeming at first
look indefatigable? Immobility causes the child suffering, and bad
teachers often used it as a punishment: "stand in the corner, against the wall"
etc. Parents should try not to limit mobility and curiosity
the child, creating the conditions for his vigorous activity.
Unfortunately, both pedagogy and medicine, speaking of physical development,
mean weight, height, morbidity and lack of attention
give physique, proportionality, beauty of the child's body,
which to a very large extent depend on the correctness of the movements, and
this child must be taught.
Correct execution of movements is a prerequisite
the correct formation of the body (physique): "the function creates the organ."
Neither in independent activity, nor in organized mobile
games, we can not, and we must not achieve the accuracy of movements,
because then it will not be a game, but an exercise.
To develop the correct movements, you need special classes -
gymnastics. In these exercises, the formation of the correct motor stereotype
goes through a number of stages: inaccurate, awkward, constrained movements gradually
specified, performed without undue stress, with less
energy consumption and finally become automatic and in this quality
form the basis of all vital movements.
The earlier gymnastics begins (it is better in infancy - in
period of formation of motor skills), the easier it is to bring up the correct
dynamic stereotype and the more stable the results.
Particular attention in gymnastics classes should be paid to those motor
skills that are most used in life. So, in
the first six months of life, you need to teach the child to turn correctly
from the back to the stomach, since the wrong mechanism of these turns
leads to deformity of the spine.
After 6 months of life, it is necessary to teach the child to crawl, and at the same time
correctly, that is, on all fours, and not pulling up on your hands, as a result
which the lower limbs, not participating in the movement, lag behind in development.
After a year, you need to teach the child to walk correctly, which contributes to
good posture and normal shape of the lower limbs. Walking if
it is correct, it can be an excellent means of physical education
throughout a person's life.
Gymnastics is the most strenuous form of physical activity.
children aimed at developing static and dynamic
functions (crawling, sitting, standing, walking), to foster rhythm
in a broad sense, i.e. plasticity and energy saving, providing
less fatigue.
The following are exercises that, by their nature, represent
are complex combined movements involving
the work of many muscle groups and at least two joints, which corresponds
the nature of vital human movements.
In form, these exercises correspond in the vast majority
natural most common movements, which is partly visible
from their names: "crawling", "sliding steps", etc.
There are no isolated articular movements in the proposed system;
such movements are not of interest to children and are not characteristic of
a young child who is on external irritation
responds mainly with a general motor reaction.
In connection with the main task of gymnastics is to improve the quality of movements
Correctness and precision of movements in gymnastic exercises
must be controlled by the hands of the person who conducts the lesson, or by special
devices. Only under this condition in gymnastics
the child will receive what he does not receive in free and organized
outdoor games. This is the difference between gymnastics and all
other forms of child's physical activity based on free
movements, the accuracy and correctness of which is not conditioned.
Can the child, in addition to gymnastics, in free and organized
games to acquire the correct dynamic stereotype? Maybe far away though
not always, by so-called "trial and error", but this is at best
a long way... Gymnastics, on the other hand, is a shorter and more accurate
a path that should be used for the comprehensive education of children.
This is especially important in the context of collective education, since
the child's motor usefulness largely determines his
place and well-being in children's team... Sociability and positive
a child's attitude towards other children depends in part on this.
It is more difficult for an awkward child to coordinate his movements with movements.
comrades, he becomes a hindrance and an unwanted partner in games.
So, in gymnastics, in contrast to other types of motor activity
child, the accuracy and correctness of the movements must be determined: in
in infancy - by the hands of parents, at an older age - by special
devices (gymnastic equipment, sports equipment, elements
home environment).
In order for gymnastics to bring joy to children, it is necessary
compliance with the following conditions: firstly, the exercises must be
accessible, i.e., appropriate for age and functionality
child; secondly, a technique that stimulates children to perform
exercise should also be age appropriate.
For children with psychomotor developmental disorders or suffering
any diseases, massage and gymnastics are even more
important than for absolutely healthy. Special Movement Mode
often becomes the main element of comprehensive treatment, the most
effective remedy rehabilitation.
However, in this case it is necessary to consult a pediatrician and
^ CHAPTER 18. MASSAGE OF CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
In children's massage, almost the same techniques are used as in classical massage, but they are performed very softly and gently. Not all techniques of classical massage (especially many techniques of shock vibration) are shown to a child of the first year of life.
It is necessary to massage a child under the age of one year with great care, perfectly mastering the techniques and technique baby massage... In addition, when performing massage, one should take into account the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child's body.
Anatomical and physiological features of the child's body ... The leading role in the development of the child's body in the first year of life belongs to the central nervous system. On the one hand, it binds together all the internal organs and regulates the processes occurring in them, on the other hand, it acts as an intermediary between the body as a whole and the external environment.
By the time of birth, the most developed in a child is the spinal cord, as evidenced by the simplest reflex movements.
As for the brain, its relative mass is quite large: V 8 from the total body weight. In the first year of life, the formation of nerve cells occurs within each layer of the cortex of both hemispheres.
The famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov came to the conclusion that the excitability of the central nervous system in children is not the same: in some, inhibition processes prevail, in others, irritation processes, in some these processes balance each other. Therefore, the reaction of children to the same phenomena of the surrounding reality is different.
Conditioned and unconditioned (innate) reflexes are the cornerstone of every person's behavior. A newborn has only unconditioned reflexes (sucking, defensive, etc.), and conditioned reflexes in him begin to form from the end of the first month of life as the spinal cord and subcortical parts of the brain develop.
In the development of positive or negative conditioned reflexes in young children, an important place is occupied by the sense organs: sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste. As you know, they represent the peripheral parts of the analyzers, transmitting irritations from the external environment to the central nervous system. From the fifth month of life, all analysts are involved in shaping the natural behavior of the child.
One of the main senses is vision. In a newborn child, the pupil constricts under the influence of bright light; responding to touch, he blinks or blinks. But blinking eye movements are still very weak and rare.
Some babies experience strabismus, which usually resolves in 3 to 4 weeks.
From the second month, the child is able to keep his gaze on bright objects and observe their movement. From the age of five months, he has the ability to see objects with both eyes at close range. At six months, the baby begins to distinguish colors.
A newborn baby hears only loud sounds. But gradually his hearing sharpens, and he begins to hear soft sounds.
From the third month, the child turns his head, looking for the source of the sound with his eyes.
Taste buds in newborns are well developed. From the very beginning, he refuses sour or bitter, preferring sweet things.
Infants' sense of smell is less developed than taste, but nevertheless, from the first months of life, they react to odors.
The feeling of touch is already present in the newborn, it manifests itself most clearly when you touch his palms, soles of the feet and face.
Pain and skin sensitivity to temperature changes is especially pronounced in children of the first year of life.
Have healthy child the skin is soft, elastic, firm, pinkish.
Numerous sebaceous glands are already available in a newborn, but they reach their full development only by 4-5 months.
The sweat glands are poorly developed and do not function at all for 3-4 months.
The mucous membrane of the nasal passage and oral cavity is very rich in blood vessels and is easily vulnerable. Swollen mucous membrane with colds interferes with normal breathing.
In a newborn, the subcutaneous fat layer is poorly developed, but during the first six months it begins to grow rapidly, first on the face, limbs, then on the trunk and, last of all, on the abdomen.
The functions performed by the skin in a child of the first year of life have their own characteristics.
The protective function is significantly reduced, since the stratum corneum of the skin is poorly developed and easily peels off, cracks and abrasions are easily formed on the skin, which can cause infection and skin diseases.
Since the baby's skin is rich in blood vessels and its stratum corneum is very thin, it has an increased ability to absorb. This is especially important to consider when using various creams and ointments.
The respiratory function of the skin in a child is much more developed than in an adult: it more intensively releases carbon dioxide and water.
The heat-regulating function, on the contrary, is less developed, therefore, a child, more often than an adult, is exposed to hypothermia and overheating.
In a newborn, muscle mass is 14 of the total weight, while in an adult it is much higher - about 40%.
Muscle fibers are very thin, muscle contractions are weak. In the first year of life, muscle development is mainly due to the thickening of muscle fibers, first in the neck and trunk, and then in the limbs. The degree of muscle development in young children can be determined by feeling.
Muscle tone is also very weak. Flexor tone prevails over flexor tone, so babies usually lie with bent limbs. If in a healthy child passive extension of the limbs occurs with some resistance (hypertonicity), then he is shown a massage that will relieve excess tension. Regularly conducted massage and gymnastics generally contribute to the correct development of the child's muscle-tours.
The skeleton of a newborn mainly consists of cartilage tissue (spine, wrists, etc.), and bone tissue, which has a fibrous structure, low salt content and a large number of blood vessels, resembles cartilaginous tissue. Swaddling too tightly or incorrectly positioned baby's bones quickly become irregular.
The head of the newborn has the correct shape, on it, when palpating, discrepancies between the individual bones of the skull are easily determined. In the first year, the most intensive growth of the skull bones occurs: by 2-3 months, the sutures are already tightened. But the final fusion of the skull bones occurs by 3-4 years.
On the head of a newborn child, two fontanelles are felt, covered with a membrane: large and small. The large fontanelle is located at the point of convergence of the parietal and frontal bones and has a diamond shape. The small fontanelle is located at the point of convergence of the parietal and occipital bones and has the shape of a triangle. The small fontanelle overgrows by 3 months, and the large one by 12-15.
The spine of the newborn is almost straight. But as soon as the child begins to hold his head, he develops a cervical curvature with a bulge forward - lordosis. At 6-7 months, when the child begins to sit, a backward bulge of the thoracic spine appears - kyphosis, and when the child begins to walk (9-12 months), he develops a lumbar bulge forward.
In a newborn, the chest has a conical or cylindrical shape with raised ribs, as if at the height of inspiration. The ribs are located almost at right angles to the spine, so mobility chest the infant is limited.
When a child begins to walk, the shape of his chest changes: at the junction of the rib cartilage with the bone tissue, an angle is formed that is lowered downward. On inspiration, the lower ends of the ribs rise upward, the ribs from an oblique position move to a more horizontal one, while the sternum rises forward and upward. The shape of the pelvis in newborn boys and girls is almost the same. The growth of the limbs, as well as the formation of the skeleton, starting in the first year of life, continues for several years.
The respiratory organs of a small child are very different from those of an adult. We have already said that the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and the oral cavity is rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, which creates favorable conditions for the development of swelling and various kinds of inflammation.
A child of the first year of life does not know how to breathe through his mouth, therefore, with a runny nose, he suffocates while sucking.
The nasal cavities of the newborn are underdeveloped, the nasal passages are narrow, but with the growth of the facial bones, the length and width of the nasal passages increases.
The eustachian tube, which connects the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity of the ear, is short and wide in young children, and is located more horizontally than in an adult. The infection is easily transferred from the nasopharynx to the middle ear cavity, therefore, in children, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract are often accompanied by inflammation of the middle ear.
The frontal and maxillary sinuses generally develop by the age of 2 years, but their final formation occurs much later.
The relative length of the larynx is small, funnel-shaped, and only with age does it become cylindrical. The lumen of the larynx is narrow, the cartilage is soft, the mucous membrane is very delicate and permeated with many blood vessels. The glottis between the vocal cords is narrow and short. Therefore, even minor inflammation in the larynx leads to its narrowing, manifested in choking or shortness of breath.
Less elastic than in an adult, the trachea and bronchi have a narrow lumen. The mucous membrane swells easily during inflammation, causing it to narrow.
The lungs of an infant are poorly developed, their elastic tissue is well filled with blood, but not enough - with air. Due to poor ventilation in young children, there is often a collapse of lung tissue in the lower-posterior parts of the lungs.
The increase in lung volume occurs especially rapidly in the first three months of life. Their structure is gradually changing: the connective tissue layers are replaced by elastic tissue, the number of alveoli increases.
Above, we talked about the fact that the mobility of the chest in children of the first year of life is limited, so at first the lungs grow towards the soft diaphragm, causing the diaphragmatic type of breathing. After babies start to walk, their breathing becomes chest or abdominal.
A child's metabolism is much faster than that of an adult, so he needs more oxygen than an adult. The child's increased oxygen demand is compensated by more frequent breathing.
From the moment of birth, the child has correct and even breathing: 40-60 breaths per minute. By 6 months, breathing becomes more rare (35-40), and by the year it is 30-35 breaths per minute.
At an early age, frequent colds, especially pneumonia, can cause serious complications in children.
For the correct development of the child and the acquisition of stable immunity to various diseases, it is necessary to engage in gymnastic and breathing exercises with him, as well as conduct regular sessions of hygienic massage.
The excretory organs (kidneys, ureters and bladder) in a child begin to function immediately from the moment of birth and work much more intensively than in an adult.
The kidneys, which remove water and metabolic products from the body, grow especially rapidly in the first year of a child's life. They are located lower than that of an adult, and have a higher relative weight. By the time of birth, they are lobular, but in the second year of life, this lobularity disappears. The cortical layer and convoluted tubules of the kidneys are poorly developed.
The muscle tissue of the wide and tortuous ureters is poorly developed and lined with elastic fibers.
A child's bladder is higher than that of an adult. Its anterior wall is located in the immediate vicinity of the abdominal wall, but gradually the bladder moves into the pelvic cavity. The mucous membrane of the bladder is well developed, but muscle and elastic fibers are not sufficiently developed. The volume of the bladder in a newborn is about 50 ml, by 3 months it increases to 100 ml, by the year - up to 200 ml.
Due to the poor development of the central nervous system in the first 6 months of life, the child has involuntary urination 20-25 times a day. But as the child grows, the number of urinations decreases - by the year there are only 15-16 of them. The amount of urine excreted in children is much greater than in adults. This is due to the accelerated metabolism occurring in their body. With increased sweating, the amount of urine decreases. If the child is cold, urination becomes more frequent.
The correct development of the endocrine glands is very important for the normal growth and development of the child's body. Immediately after birth, the development of the child is influenced mainly by the hormones of the thymus gland, from 3-4 months - by the hormone of the thyroid gland, and after a short period of time - by the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
The functioning of the endocrine glands is closely related to the work of the central nervous system. Disruption of the activity of at least one link in this chain can lead to serious physical and mental development child. So, the absence of a thyroid gland or malfunctions in its work cause a delay in the formation of the skeleton, a violation of the growth of teeth, a lag in mental development.
The relative weight of the heart in a child is almost 1.5 times that of an adult. By 8-12 months, the mass of the heart doubles.
The heart is located higher, since in the first year of life, the child, as a rule, is in a horizontal position, and his diaphragm is higher.
The blood vessels of a newborn are wider than those of an adult. Their lumen gradually increases, but more slowly than the volume of the heart.
The process of blood circulation in children is more intense than in adults.
The child's pulse is accelerated: 120-140 beats per minute. One cycle "inhale-exhale" accounts for 3.5-4 heartbeats. But after six months, the pulse becomes less frequent - 100-130 beats.
It is better to count the number of heartbeats in a child during sleep, when he is in a calm state, by pressing a finger on the radial artery.
Blood pressure in babies in the first year of life is low. It increases with age, but in different children it is different, depending on weight, temperament, etc.
A newborn's blood contains a large number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, hemoglobin is increased. But gradually over the course of the year, their number decreases to the norm. Since the hematopoietic system of infants is very sensitive to various external and internal harmful influences, children in the first year of life are more likely than older children to develop anemia.
By the time the baby is born, the development of the lymph nodes is almost complete, but their cellular and tissue structures are not sufficiently developed. The protective function of the lymph nodes becomes pronounced at the end of the first year of life.
In a child, the cervical, inguinal, and sometimes axillary and occipital lymph nodes are well felt.
Hygienic requirements for massage of a baby in the first year of life ... Massage and gymnastics of a healthy child can be started from 2-3 weeks of age. Massage should be performed daily no earlier than 40 minutes after meals or 25-30 minutes before meals. It is enough to carry out a massage session once a day. Massage before bed is not recommended.
It is necessary to carry out the massage in a bright ventilated room, the air temperature in which should not be lower than 22-24 degrees. In the warm season, you can massage the child naked, and in winter, autumn and early spring, the child's body needs to be covered, leaving only the area being massaged open.
The massage should be done gently and gently. It is very important to monitor the child's reaction to massage, which should be positive. If the child for some reason does not respond well to the massage, he should be interrupted. The movements during the massage should be directed along the blood vessels. The area of the liver when massaging the belly must be bypassed. You also need to bypass the genitals of the child when massaging, and when massaging the back, you cannot use shock techniques (patting, beating) in the kidney area.
Massage and gymnastics of the child should be carried out within 6-7 minutes.
In case of slight redness on the child's skin as a result of diathesis, massage should be carried out carefully, avoiding areas with rashes. If the rash has become significant, massage should not be performed at this time.
You can not massage for various infectious diseases, rickets during an exacerbation, with inguinal, femoral and umbilical hernias, congenital heart disease, as well as various inflammatory skin diseases.
It is not recommended to carry out gymnastic exercises in acute febrile conditions, serious illnesses skin, exacerbated tuberculosis, eating and cooking disorders, heart defects with symptoms of decompensation, severe blood diseases, rickets during an exacerbation.
Requirements for a masseur:
1. The masseur's clothing should be comfortable, not restrict movement.
2. The therapist should be friendly, affectionate and patient with the child.
3. Hands of the massage therapist should be warm and clean, and nails on the hands should be trimmed. Watches, rings and bracelets must be removed as they can injure the baby's skin.
When performing massage and gymnastics, it is important to observe the following rules:
1. Before the start of the session, you should establish contact with the child, talk to him kindly and affectionately, only after that you can start the massage.
2. Massage and gymnastics should be started with simple techniques and exercises, and over time, the procedure can be complicated by gradually introducing new elements.
3. Do not strongly grasp and squeeze the tissues and joints of the child, as this may cause him pain. All techniques and movements must be performed with care.
4. When performing all massage techniques and exercises, the limbs of the child and his head must be protected from sudden movements and jolts, otherwise various disorders of the articular-ligamentous apparatus may occur. All techniques and movements must be performed accurately and professionally.
5. It is very important during massage and gymnastics to observe the child, highlighting those techniques and exercises that give him positive emotions. Subsequent massage and gymnastics sessions should begin with them.
Techniques and techniques for massage of a child of the first year of life ... Massage for a baby in the first year of life includes the following basic techniques:
stroking;
trituration;
kneading;
vibration.
Stroking is performed at the beginning of any massage session and is carried out in order to prepare the massaged area for other elements and massage techniques.
Stroking activates blood circulation and thus improves the blood supply to tissues and organs. Stroking calms the nervous system, relaxes the muscles, and helps relieve pain.
You need to stroke with the palm or the back of the hand in the direction of the lymph flow to the nearest lymph nodes. On the lower limbs, movements are performed from the foot to the groin, and on the upper limbs, from the hand to armpits... Stroking should be done slowly, smoothly and lightly, pressing lightly on the surface to be massaged.
Hand stroking. The child should be placed on his back, the masseur should stand at his feet. Raise the child's left hand with the right hand, then with the left hand stroke the inner and outer surfaces of the hand, moving from the hand to the shoulder (Fig. 441).
Figure 441. Figure 442.
In the same way, stroke the child's right hand.
You can stroke the inner and outer surfaces at the same time, using the method of enveloping stroking, in which the inner surface of the hand is massaged thumb, and the outer one with the rest of the fingers.
Stroking the feet. I. p. Child while stroking the legs - lying on his back.
Place the child's right foot on the palm of the left hand. With your right hand, stroke the outer and back of the lower leg and thigh.
Movement should be directed from the foot to the thigh (Fig. 442). Stroking the kneecap is not recommended.
Then stroke the left leg in the same way.
Massage of the lower extremities can be done using a wrap-around ironing, in this case the thumb will stroke the side surface of the child's leg, and the rest of the fingers will stroke the back surface.
Stroking the abdomen. I. p. - lying on your back. The massage begins with circular strokes in a clockwise direction.
Stroking can be done with the palmar surface of the hand (Fig. 443) or its back.
When doing it, you should avoid pressure on the liver area (area of the right hypochondrium).
After that, it is necessary to stroke the oblique muscles of the child's abdomen, the massaging movements should be directed towards the spine and towards the navel.
^ Figure 443. Figure 444
After stroking the abdomen, you should proceed to stroking the chest, which must be done with the palmar or back surfaces of the fingers of both hands. The movements should be performed in a circular manner (with the right hand clockwise, and with the left hand counterclockwise) around the nipples.
Back stroking.
I. p. - lying on his stomach, feet to the masseur. Stroking along the spine is performed (the spinal column itself cannot be massaged).
In the direction of movement from the buttocks to the head, the technique is performed with the back of the hand, in the direction from the head to the buttocks - with the inner side of the hand (Fig. 444).
If the child still cannot maintain a stable position, he must be held with one hand, and stroking with the other.
From the age of three months, you can massage with both hands.
Figure 445. Figure 446.
Trituration. This technique helps to relax muscles, improve blood supply and tissue nutrition. In addition, rubbing has a calming effect on the child's nervous system. It has a positive effect not only on the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but also on muscles, ligaments and tendons.
Rubbing when massaging a child of the first year of life should be done with the cushions of the fingers in a straight and spiral manner. After these techniques, the sawing can be performed. When massaging the arm and lower leg, ring rubbing is performed. Movements must be made quickly, with little pressure. In this case, the fingers do not slide over the surface of the skin, but move it.
When massaging the legs, an annular rub is applied in the direction from the feet to the abdomen. When performing a reception with a large and forefinger both hands should clasp the child's shin (hands are located one above the other) and make annular rubbing to the knee (Fig. 445). Then you should rub the outer surface of the thigh with the pads of four fingers (Fig. 446).
Rubbing the plantar part of the foot is performed with a pad thumb circularly. Ring rubbing of the hands should be done in the same way as rubbing the lower leg, moving from wrist to shoulder. Rubbing the back, chest, abdomen, thigh should be done with the pads of the thumb or with the pads of 2 or 4 fingers in a straight or spiral manner.
Kneading calms the nervous system, activates blood and lymph circulation, has a positive effect on joints, ligaments and tendons, as well as on muscles, not only superficial, but also located deep enough. Kneading also has a beneficial effect on the respiratory system.
In children's massage, forceps-like kneading or felting is used. You need to perform the movements vigorously, but softly and gently.
Gripping is done with three fingers by displacing the skin, with the index and middle fingers against the thumb.
Figure 447. Figure 448. Figure 449.
Pincer kneading is performed on the long muscles of the back, located along the spinal column. Movements should be directed from the lower back to the neck (Fig. 447).
The same techniques are used to knead the buttocks.
You can knead with one or two hands in a circular or spiral manner, making movements only with the index and middle fingers. Kneading the legs is carried out by forceps-like kneading or felting.
When using forceps-like kneading, put the child's leg on the palm, holding it with the same hand in the lower part of the lower leg.
Movements are made with the thumb, forefinger and middle fingers, with which you need to grab the muscles located on the outer surface of the lower leg, and make circular movements towards the thigh, and then into reverse side... In this case, the captured tissue should be displaced towards the thumb (Fig. 448).
Felting is done with both hands, one palm should be placed on the back of the lower leg, and the other on the outside. The palms simultaneously move the fabric clockwise. Movements are performed from the foot to the thigh, then back (Fig. 449).
Figure 450.
Vibration has a positive effect on the child's nervous system, improves metabolism in the body and has a mild analgesic effect.
In the massage of children of the first year of life, only such vibration techniques as shaking and shaking should be used, and after 3-4 months, when muscle tone normalizes, light tapping with fingers can be used.
Vibration movements should be performed gently, quickly and rhythmically.
Shaking performed during breast massage: palms should be placed on the lower part of the child's chest, as if clasping it. The thumbs of both hands should be close to each other.
Vibration is produced by light rhythmic pressure (Fig. 450).
Shaking performed when massaging the child's limbs and when doing exercises for the limbs.
Beating performed with one or two hands. Movement can be directed longitudinally and transversely, zigzag and spiral.
Beating when massaging a baby of the first year of life can be done with the back of the fingers slightly apart.
With this method, the tapping will be soft and painless for the child. You can perform tapping with the back of your fingers bent into a fist.
I do massage and gymnastics for a child from birth, every day (when he feels good).
I myself was the initiator of this, because by the time of the birth of my son I knew that child massage and gymnastics are not only a guarantee of good physical health, but also have a beneficial effect on the formation of the child's personality. The doctors supported my initiative and advised, in addition to home massage, also a professional one.
The neurologist recommended doing massage and gymnastics according to the method of Irina Krasikova... She is a specialist with over 20 years of experience in the field of rehabilitation therapy. Graduated from the First Medical Institute. acad. IP Pavlova with a degree in therapy. She specialized in the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Academy, specializing in physiotherapy exercises and manual therapy. Teacher of refresher courses for massage therapists, author of popular books on baby massage.
On the pages of the site I will share materials on children's massage and gymnastics by Irina Krasikova... And we'll start by looking at the features baby massage and gymnastics for a healthy child up to one year old... Here you will find answers to the questions: “ Do I need to do massage and gymnastics for a child? Why is baby massage and gymnastics useful?? How to properly perform massage and gymnastic movements with your baby?».
First, let's see an interview with Irina Krasikova, in which she reveals the secrets of massage and gymnastics for the little ones.
FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S MASSAGE
Should a child be massaged? What are its benefits?
Massage has a versatile, extremely beneficial effect on the child's body.
Under the influence of massage, countless streams of impulses are directed from the skin along the nerve pathways, which, reaching the cerebral cortex, have a tonic effect on the central nervous system, and therefore its main function is improved - control over the work of all organs and systems.
A powerful tactile stimulus, such as massage, is especially important in infancy: it has a significant impact on the development of positive emotions and the formation of motor reactions.
Stroking, light patting on the cheek causes a smile in the baby already in the first days of life, when other stimuli: visual (adult smile) and auditory (affectionate conversation) are not always able to stimulate it. Pediatricians call this a physiological smile, as opposed to a smile in response to treatment.
Psychologists who study the development of speech in children know that the first speech reactions (humming) often occur in response to stroking the legs and abdomen, while other forms of communication with an adult do not revive the child.
These observations were theoretically substantiated in the works of physiologists, who testify that the pathways of the skin analyzer mature earlier than all others (visual, auditory) and are already ready for birth.
Therefore, the child of the first months of life is most accessible to exposure through the skin; touching causes not only emotional, but also certain motor reactions.
The human brain grows and develops exclusively through its use. The more often the sensory and motor endings of the brain are used at a given time, the more volume the brain takes up during its growth. In this sense, brain growth is no different from muscle growth.
In children's massage, all the techniques of classical massage are used: stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration, light percussion techniques, some acupressure techniques.
Different massage techniques have different effects on the nervous system:
- Stroking, gentle rubbing and kneading enhance the inhibitory processes - they calm the nervous system.
- Beating and tingling have a stimulating effect.
In addition, massage acts directly on those organs and systems that are located closer to the skin.: it is, first of all, a l and m f and c e s system. Massage actively affects lymph circulation, accelerating the flow of lymph and thereby facilitating the release of tissues from metabolic products, therefore, tired muscles rest faster during massage than with complete rest.
Under the influence of the massage, the peripheral capillary network expands, which is manifested by the pinking of the skin (an effect that should be achieved during massage). The flow of blood to the massaged area provides favorable conditions for nourishing and healing the skin: it becomes pink, shiny, elastic.
The effect of different massage techniques on muscles is different: stroking, rubbing, kneading causes muscle relaxation; tapping and tingling - contraction.
With the lethargy of the abdominal and intestinal muscles, which is accompanied by flatulence (often found in infancy), massage of the abdomen mechanically promotes the release of the intestines from gas and in these cases becomes of particular importance.
On practice. How to properly perform massage movements with your baby.
1) When carrying out a massage, it must be remembered that the baby's skin is dry, thin, and easily wounded during the first months. Therefore, at first, massage techniques should be gentle (stroking), then you can gradually introduce others: rubbing, light percussion techniques (tapping with 1-2 fingers), kneading.
2) The intensity and duration of the procedure is slowly increasing.
3) During the massage, the child's body should be in a horizontal position (lying), and when massaging the limbs, they should be kept in a state of slight semi-flexion.
4) When massaging the legs, pushing into the knee joints should be avoided, bypassing the patella from the outside, and not touching the anterior surface of the lower leg.
5) When massaging the abdomen, it is necessary to spare the area of the liver (right hypochondrium) and not to touch the genitals; when patting the back, it is necessary to bypass the area of the kidneys (lower back).
FEATURES OF CHILDREN'S GYMNASTICS
Do I need to do gymnastics with my child? What are its benefits?
Movement is extremely important for the normal development and growth of the child, as a result of systematic training, none of the systems will remain unchanged. These changes concern, first of all, muscles, bones, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which is especially important during the period of their formation and the greatest plasticity.
It is known that a working muscle consumes three times more nutrients, and seven times more oxygen than an inactive muscle, therefore, during work, muscle tissue is more abundantly supplied with blood, which carries nutrients and oxygen to it. Muscles become plump, elastic, strong and resilient. When muscles contract in the places of their attachment, the periosteum is irritated, which stimulates the growth of bones, they become thicker, wider and stronger.
Since the blood rushes to the working organs more abundantly, during movements the volume of blood pushed out by the heart into the vessels increases, along with this, pulmonary ventilation, that is, the saturation of the blood with oxygen, increases. The longer the physical activity, the deeper the breathing.
For a child to crawl a long stretch without stopping is the same as for an adult to walk several kilometers on foot. During movement, heat is generated in the body; It is known that during the cold season, children should move more for a walk, otherwise they will chill even with a slight frost, no matter how well they are dressed. During movement, due to the increase in heat production, the work of the sweat glands, which are the mechanism of heat regulation, increases.
Thus, motor acts are served by the systems of respiration, blood circulation, and heat regulation.
All this requires mutual coordination in the work of all physiological systems, which depends on the corresponding nervous regulation.
So, the nervous system is included in the training. Russian physiologist I.M.Sechenov wrote that "The work of the muscles is the work of the brain", and this determined the interdependence of muscular work and the nervous system * (* See IM Sechenov. Reflexes of the brain. M., 1961.). Physiological data indicate that where the motor apparatus is in unfavorable conditions, the general development of higher nervous activity is also delayed.
The most important result of systematic gymnastics is the normalization of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition. The main properties of these processes: strength, poise, mobility - are being improved, which is very important for the correct and harmonious development of the individual.
In raising children, it should not be underestimated that movement is the main source of joy for them, and a good cheerful mood is the basis of good health.
Each emotion corresponds to a special state and a special nature of the work of the heart and blood vessels: negative emotions (sadness, fear, anger) cause vasoconstriction, which creates unfavorable conditions for tissue nutrition, joy dilates blood vessels, and at the same time favorable conditions are created for nutrition and the work of organs. We are accustomed to ascribing all our feelings to the heart, hence the expressions “the heart stops with fear, shrinks with pity, burns with anger,” etc. This connection of emotions with the work of the heart and blood vessels was noted in ancient times: “the heart is cold, hot, kind , evil, callous, responsive ", etc., or" the skin turns pale, reddens with fear, shame, "etc. Pavlov found the origin of this connection among our distant ancestors, each" feeling "was expressed by movement: fear turned into a run, anger - into a fight, joy was expressed by dancing (and movements, of course, are reflected in the work of the heart and blood vessels), and thus “an exact agreement was established between feelings and heart activity” * (* I.P. Pavlov. Poly.sobr.soch., Vol. 5. M.-L., Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952, p. 330-332).
All of the above about the physiological action of movements applies not only to gymnastics, but also to movement in general - whether it is independent active activity or organized outdoor games.
In free outdoor games, the child moves according to his own initiative and, at his will, changes movements, posture and alternates activity with rest, therefore, independent activity is the least tiring of all forms of physical activity of children. However, it mainly satisfies the child's extraordinarily great need for movement. None of all other forms of physical activity (organized outdoor games, exercises, gymnastics), and even all of them taken together, cover this need as fully as independent activity, provided, of course, an appropriate environment that ensures the activity of children of a given age. Therefore, the organization of conditions (area, manuals, toys) for outdoor games should be in the first place in terms of education of children's movements.
Who does not know childish restlessness and seeming at first glance indefatigability? Immobility inflicts pain on the child, and poor teachers often used it as a punishment: “stand in the corner, against the wall,” etc.
Parents should try not to limit the child's mobility and curiosity, creating conditions for his vigorous activity.
Unfortunately, both pedagogy and medicine, speaking of physical development, mean weight, height, morbidity and do not pay enough attention to the physique, proportionality, beauty of the child's body, which to a very large extent depend on the correctness of movements, and this child needs to be taught. Correct execution of movements is an indispensable condition for the correct formation of the body (physique): "the function creates the organ."
Neither in independent activity, nor in organized outdoor games, we can, and should not, achieve the accuracy of movements, since then it will not be a game, but an exercise.
To develop the correct movements, you need special classes - children's gymnastics.
On practice.
In these exercises, the formation of a correct motor stereotype goes through a number of stages: inaccurate, awkward, constrained movements are gradually refined, performed without undue stress, with less energy consumption, and finally become automatic and, as such, form the basis of all vital movements.
The earlier gymnastics begins (it is better in infancy - during the formation of motor skills), the easier it is to bring up the correct dynamic stereotype and the more stable the results.
Particular attention in gymnastics classes should be given to those motor skills that are most used in life.
1) So, in the first half of life, it is necessary to teach the child to turn correctly from back to stomach, since the wrong mechanism of these turns leads to deformation of the spine.
2) After 6 months of life, it is necessary to teach the child to crawl, and at the same time correctly, that is, on all fours, and not pull up on his hands, as a result of which the lower limbs, not participating in the movement, lag behind in development.
3) After a year, it is necessary to teach the child to walk correctly, which contributes to good posture and the normal shape of the lower limbs. Walking, if done correctly, can be an excellent physical fitness tool throughout a person's life.
Gymnastics is the most intense form of children's motor activity, aimed at the development of static and dynamic functions (crawling, sitting, standing, walking), at fostering rhythm in a broad sense, that is, plasticity and energy saving, ensuring less fatigue. N
Gymnastics according to the method of Irina Krasikova based on exercises, which by their nature are complex combined movements with the involvement of many muscle groups and at least two joints, which corresponds to the nature of vital human movements. In form, these exercises correspond to the vast majority of the most commonly used natural movements, which is partly evident from their names: "crawling", "sliding steps", etc.
There are no isolated articular movements in the proposed system; such movements are not of interest to children and are not characteristic of a young child, who responds to external stimuli mainly with a general motor reaction.
In connection with the main task of gymnastics - to improve the quality of movements - the correctness and accuracy of movements in gymnastic exercises, it should be controlled by the hands of the person who conducts the lesson, or by special devices. Only under this condition, in gymnastics, the child will receive what he does not receive in free and organized outdoor games. This is the difference between gymnastics and all other forms of a child's motor activity, based on free movements, the accuracy and correctness of which is not conditioned.
Can a child, in addition to gymnastics, acquire the correct dynamic stereotype in free and organized games? Maybe, although not always, through the so-called "trial and error", but it is at best a long way.
Gymnastics, on the other hand, is a shorter and more correct path that should be used for the comprehensive education of children.
This is especially important in conditions of collective education, since the child's motor usefulness largely determines his place and well-being in the children's team. A child's sociability and positive attitude towards other children depends in part on this. It is more difficult for an awkward child to coordinate his movements with the movements of his comrades, he becomes a hindrance and an unwanted partner in games.
So, in gymnastics, in contrast to other types of motor activity of a child, the accuracy and correctness of movements should be determined: in infancy - by the hands of parents, in an older age - with special devices (gymnastic equipment, sports equipment, elements of the home environment).
In order for gymnastics to bring joy to children, the following conditions must be met:
firstly, the exercises must be accessible, that is, they must correspond to the age and functional capabilities of the child; secondly, the methodology that stimulates children to perform the exercise must also be age appropriate.
For children with psychomotor developmental disorders, or suffering from any diseases, massage and gymnastics are even more important than for absolutely healthy ones. A special mode of movement often becomes the main element of complex treatment, the most effective means of rehabilitation. However, in this case it is necessary to consult with the pediatrician and strictly follow his instructions and recommendations.
What do you think about massage and gymnastics according to the method of Irina Krasikova? Do you do massage and gymnastics with your kids? Share your experiences and thoughts in the comments!
Have fun and health-improving activities with your kids! Grow big, healthy and beautiful :)
The child's body is developing all the time and by the nature of its responses to various external influences it differs from that of an adult. Knowing the patterns of development of certain functions of a growing child's body, its anatomical and physiological characteristics, it is possible to exert a directed influence on the growth, development and state of health of the child.
The protective function of the skin in children is less pronounced than in adults; it is often infected and easily vulnerable. The bone tissue of an infant is soft, pliable, and must be handled with care. The muscular system in infants is relatively poorly developed and accounts for only 23-25% of body weight, while in adults it is about 42%. The muscles of the extremities are especially poorly developed in newborns. The skeletal system and musculo-ligamentous apparatus in infants are characterized by "physiological weakness", the skin and subcutaneous fat layer are tender and therefore easily vulnerable. These features must be taken into account when performing massage.
Due to the imperfection of the development of the central nervous system, the movements of a child at the age of 1.5 - 2 months are disordered. He cannot independently keep his head upright. The arms and legs practically do not unbend and are pressed to the body, the fingers are clenched into fists (hypertonicity of the flexor muscles, takes place by 3-4 months).
From birth, the baby is endowed with motor reflexes, called unconditioned. Motor reflexes are closely related to innate skin reflexes. The child's body reacts to irritation of various areas of the skin with appropriate movements. For example, the child's feet touch the support and he begins to rearrange the legs, making movements similar to steps.
If you touch the feet of a child lying on his stomach with his palm, he begins to push off from her with his legs, trying to crawl. These unconditioned reflexes do not last long and are already lost by 3-4 months. Throughout life, the Galant spinal reflex operates, in which the body bends in response to stroking the skin along the spine.
Massage of young children is carried out for prophylactic, hygienic purposes, as well as in case of any deviations in health or physical development, disruption of the normal function of the spine, pronounced weakness of the muscles and ligamentous apparatus, disruption of the gastrointestinal tract and the transfer of various diseases.
Massage has a comprehensive effect on the child's body. When exposed to massage techniques on the skin, muscles, ligaments, there are responses from various organs and systems. Given the increased excitability of the nervous system, the presence of a large number of receptors in the skin, one can explain the child's increased sensitivity to the effects of massage. Massage has a positive effect on the child's emotions and speech development.
In children's massage, the basic techniques of classical massage are used: stroking, rubbing, kneading, vibration, tapping.
Reception of stroking has a calming effect on the central nervous system of the child, helps relieve pain, helps to normalize breathing and heart function. Stroking restores normal daytime and night sleep... Vibration helps to activate the activity of the neuromuscular apparatus, and also stimulates increased metabolism in the child's body. Beating reduces the excitability of the central nervous system, improves the functioning of internal organs.
Massage begins with stroking. After the disappearance of physiological hypertonicity of the flexor muscles, kneading techniques are added
In the first year of life, massage is recommended for all children. In the period from 1 year to middle school age, inclusive, massage is recommended in cases of any abnormalities in health or physical development, such as spinal deformity, weakness of muscles and ligaments and other deviations. In order to prevent healthy children, it is recommended to perform various complexes of gymnastics.
The most important thing in the life of every parent is the health of their children. Much depends on the parents themselves: how responsibly parents will approach the issue of the child's health, their future life and well-being will depend. According to many experts, the first year of life is very important. This time is significant - what the parents put into the child at this stage of life, so he will move along the entire path of life.
Regular activities with a child, regardless of whether he is healthy or with any deviations, will only benefit the baby. Massage for children under one year old is included in the regular classes and is quite important.
With the help of a properly performed massage, the baby will be ahead of his peers in development, as well as have good health. There have been cases in which children with rather serious illnesses miraculously recovered. Do not waste precious time, massage children under 1 year old right now.
The healing properties of baby massage
Massage for children under 1 year old should be divided into three groups:
- prophylactic;
- corrective;
Fully customizable through preventive massage children's organism on the correct development of the body. Preventive procedures can be performed independently or by contacting a specialist for help. It is recommended to start performing procedures at the age of 1.5 - 2 months. In any case, a consultation with a pediatrician is necessary before performing.
As for therapeutic and corrective massage, only a doctor prescribes it. Depending on what deviations were identified in the child, appropriate receptions are prescribed. Do not be shy at the doctor's appointment, ask all your questions and everything that worries you, as well as your child. From how accurate and detailed your story is, the diagnosis will be made faster and more accurately. If at some point you have ceased to trust your doctor, contact another specialist. The life and health of the child is not worth risking.
In the first year of life, a child may develop the following problems: diseases of the musculoskeletal system, various therapeutic diseases, diseases of the central nervous system, as well as problems with the gastrointestinal tract. Remember, consultation with a specialist in this area is required.
Basic rules for conducting
If you decide to carry out the procedure yourself, you should pay attention to several important and basic rules.
- The child should be in a good mood and not be capricious. If the child's mood has deteriorated, reschedule the procedure next time.
- Remember, it is best to massage an hour before and 40 minutes after a feed.
- You also need to be in a good mood, be affectionate and kind to the child.
- Your hands must be clean, without unnecessary decorations, without long nails.
- If there is no need to use a cream or oil, do not use them so as not to cause allergies.
- The room in which the massage is carried out must be well ventilated and well lit.
- The place for massage should be on a firm surface.
- All movements should be smooth, gentle and accurate. No sudden movements.
- Massage before bed is not recommended.
In addition to all the wellness moments, during the massage, the baby should enjoy positive emotions.
Technique of fortifying baby massage for up to a year
Before starting to perform, you need to familiarize yourself with the basic technique of performing techniques. Make sure that the first sessions last no more than 5 minutes. Over time, you can increase the time, reaching 15 minutes. But nevertheless, each baby is individual, and if he began to be capricious, it is worth abandoning the session.
Four basic techniques are performed: stroking, rubbing, kneading and vibration.
All exercises performed should be smooth, gentle and soft. No sudden movements.
The main rule is that all movements should be performed towards the center, i.e. from the elbow to the shoulder, from the heels to the knee.
Four basic techniques are performed: stroking, rubbing, kneading and vibration. About each in more detail.
Stroking
This technique can be used literally from the first days of a baby's life. Warm and gentle touches have a beneficial effect on the central nervous system. In the first three months, exclusively stroking is used. In the future, with this type of technique, you can finish subsequent techniques and apply it between kneading and vibration. Gentle stroking serves as a kind of preparatory process for further manipulations.
Trituration
This technique is recommended to be used when the baby is 3 months old. Rubbing is performed with more intense, but gentle movements. Reception is performed precisely by rubbing movements, and not stretching. Rubbing is done with the thumb, or with the base of the palm.
Kneading
The kneading technique is performed with vigorous, but gentle movements. Remember that baby's skin is very sensitive and delicate. Through this technique, the muscles of the child are affected. The first sessions will be unpleasant for the baby. You can distract your child with a bright toy, talk to him. Subsequently, he will get used to massage sessions. It is worth starting with a few minutes, gradually increasing the time. Reception is performed using the fingertips, gently pinching the skin.
Vibration
Vibration reception is performed using the pads of the fingers and the ribs of the palm. Soft tapping and tapping are performed. Strong pressure is prohibited. As a rule, the vibration technique is used to massage the back and chest.
Basic techniques of baby massage for up to a year
The child develops gradually. The preparatory process for certain periods has great importance... With the help of massage for a certain age, you can perfectly prepare the baby's muscles for the upcoming stress. That is why, we advise you to use a certain technique, suitable for a certain age of the baby.
Baby massage for up to a year will perfectly prepare the baby's muscles for the upcoming stress.
Massage for 1-3 month old baby
Massage for a 1 month old baby practically does not differ from massage for a 2 month old baby. Massage for a 3 month old baby is aimed at adapting the baby to the world around him as much as possible. At this age, stroking is used.
- It's worth starting with the hands. First, we put the child on his back and begin to perform stroking movements. Movements are performed strictly from hand to elbow, from elbow to shoulder.
- We pass to the legs. The child still lies on its back. The massage is performed on the entire thigh, excluding the knee and the front of the lower leg. Foot massage is performed with the thumb, in a circular motion.
- Breast massage is performed from the middle to the sides, gradually going down to the abdomen. Here, circular movements are performed in a clockwise direction. They are just as helpful and effective for abdominal pain.
- After that, you can move on to a back massage. To do this, stroke from the bottom up, alternately changing the palm and the back of the hand. Five repetitions for each technique should be sufficient.
Massage for 4 month old baby
As a rule, at this age, the baby should keep his head well, lying on his stomach. in the form of rubbing will be an excellent preparatory basis for the muscles. Remember to start and end each procedure with stroking.
- We also start with the hands. To do this, you need to grasp the child's wrist with your thumb and middle fingers and move towards the elbow, and from the elbow to the shoulder. Movements should be smooth and twisting. First, massage one hand in this way, then the other and proceed to massage the legs in the same way.
- Massage the feet in a circular motion using the thumb from the heel to the toes. You can add light tapping to the main technique.
- The breast massage is performed very gently and energetically. You need to move from the middle of the chest to the edge. In no case should you press. Draw the circles clockwise.
- Rubbing the back and buttocks is performed using the pads of the bent fingers. The arms should alternately move, moving the skin up and down.
Massage for a child 5-6 months
As a rule, at this age, babies turn over on their tummy. Therefore, the muscles of the abdomen and back must be well prepared. Kneading is added to the main techniques. This means that all the exercises are performed according to the plan, only after grinding is kneading added.
Massage techniques for a 4 month old baby are the same for a 6 month old.
- Leg massage is performed using kneading. Remember, all exercises are gentle, neat, and gentle.
- complemented by new techniques - tingling around the navel. With this technique, you can well strengthen the abdominal muscles. The child will get great pleasure from this.
- and the buttocks are also added with a new technique - sawing. Sawing is done with the edge of the palm, moving up and down. Finish the massage with light stroking.
Massage for a child 6-12 months
The massage for a 6 month old baby is performed using the same techniques as for a 4 month old baby. With age, you can increase the time of the massage. It is better to start performing massage from the very birth of the baby, having previously consulted with your doctor. you can start at this age and.
Contraindications
Before starting the procedure, be sure to consult your pediatrician. If your doctor has identified any of the following conditions, you cannot perform the procedure.
- Acute febrile illnesses;
- Inflammatory lesions of the skin;
- Diseases accompanying bone soreness;
- Acute forms of arthritis, nephritis;
- Congenital heart defect;
- Abdominal prolapse;
Video instruction lesson
You can learn more about massage by watching the video presented.
With the help of massage for up to a year, you can save your child from many diseases. But, do not forget about the obligatory consultation with a doctor. Your child's health is in your hands.