Abdominal, or abdominal, hernia is formed due to rupture of the abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses and can occur in any part of the abdominal wall. Especially often it is observed on the lower wall of the abdomen in the preumbilical or behind the umbilical region (Fig. 5, see insert), as well as in the region of the iliac and hypochondrium. With a simultaneous rupture of the muscles of the abdominal wall and the parietal peritoneum, the viscera prolapse under the skin.

Abdominal hernias are observed in all animal species, but more often in cattle, sheep, and somewhat less frequently in pigs and horses. Mares have uterine hernias with tearing of the rectus abdominis muscles.

In cattle and horses, abdominal wall hernias are more commonly seen behind the ribs. Cows and sheep may have hernias of the abomasum, which are located on the right near the xiphoid process, as well as hernias of the scar, localized in the region of the left hungry fossa. On the right, cows often have uterine hernias. In pigs, abdominal hernias are formed mainly in the region of the lower and lateral abdominal wall.

Etiology. Most common causes abdominal hernias are all kinds of injuries in the abdomen; blows with horns, hooves, falling on sharp objects. A hernia can form at the moment difficult childbirth, also for colic. The occurrence of a hernia is facilitated by crowded keeping of animals in the last month of pregnancy, excessive stretching of the abdominal wall when the gastrointestinal tract is overfilled with food masses, gases, the presence of abscesses of the abdominal wall, etc.

Clinical signs. In hernias of traumatic origin, inflammatory edema, hemorrhage, hematoma, lymphoextravasate can be detected at the site of the injury, which makes it difficult to recognize the hernia early.

After the disappearance of early inflammation at the site of injury, a hemispherical or oval, painless or painless soft swelling with well-defined boundaries is found.

On palpation, it is possible to feel the hernial orifice, determine their size and shape.

When the viscera protrude under the skin, the clinical signs are similar to those of ordinary abdominal hernias. In many cases, it is possible to differentiate prolapse of the viscera under the skin and a hernia only during the operation.

Diagnosis. Abdominal hernias are diagnosed based on clinical signs. At. diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude hematoma, aneurysm, abscess, lymphoextravasate, in which there is no hernial opening and there is no displacement of the contents of the swelling in abdominal cavity. In doubtful cases, a diagnostic puncture of the swelling is performed.

Forecast. With unimpaired hernias, the prognosis is often favorable; with restrained - in acute cases, cautious, in belated - doubtful.

The most common pathology of the abdominal cavity in dogs is a hernia. Umbilical hernia in a puppy is a congenital ailment, it can occur both in a thoroughbred and in an ordinary individual. It is believed that the appearance of a hernia depends on the complexity of childbirth, as well as the quality of cutting the umbilical cord, but this disease has an exclusively genetic origin. The disease has a number of features and nuances that must be taken into account before treatment.

During intrauterine development, the puppy receives nutrients and oxygen through the umbilical cord, which is attached to the placenta. Immediately before birth, the placenta does not nourish the fetus, but the supply of blood and oxygen continues immediately until birth. After the puppy moves through the birth canal, his body activates the process of preparing for the contraction of the abdominal wall and the opening of the lungs. Where the umbilical cord attaches to the abdomen is the umbilical ring. Immediately before the birth of the baby, the ring significantly decreases in size, and complete closure occurs on the first day of life.

The main cause of a hernia is an insufficient tone of the abdominal wall, an irregular shape of the umbilical ring

If the abdominal wall has insufficient tone or the shape of the umbilical ring is incorrect - main reason the occurrence of a hernia. Fixing the pathology is not at all difficult, because on the puppy's tummy without special equipment you can see a convex, rounded area. It is important to note that in a newborn individual, an umbilical hernia may completely disappear during the first days of life. Although the reverse process often occurs - the presence of this defect in an adult or grown dog.

This problem is very common, although some owners do not even suspect that their pets have a similar ailment. This is due to the fact that in most cases, the presence of a hernia in a puppy does not affect his behavior in any way and the stump leads to symptoms. However, there are some pets for whom this disease is fatal, and this outcome occurs suddenly and without any prerequisites. The appearance of a tubercle in the abdominal cavity is far from a diagnosis of an ailment. There are several varieties of this education:

1. True. It is formed from the hernial orifice (in other words, from the umbilical ring), as well as the hernial sac, a part of the abdominal wall and the inner part of the organ, usually the intestine, is squeezed into it.
2. False. If the hernial sac is empty, then the location internal organs is physiologically correct. The small pouch is filled with fat, has a soft texture and is quite mobile.
3. Movable. The prolapsed part of the intestine is inserted back due to palpation, as well as by pressing a finger with a little force.
4. Solid or irreducible. The organ is infringed by the hernial ring.

The size of the formation directly depends on the tone of the hernial ring. In some cases, the hernia continues to grow and can even reach the size of a ripe tomato, usually after some provocative action. Some of these are trauma, violent vomiting, pregnancy, constipation, bloating, or prolonged labor. In any case, if there is a characteristic seal and tubercle on the abdomen, the pet should be shown to the veterinarian.

Qualified doctors from special institutions for animals argue that umbilical hernia in puppies should be treated in any case, and the sooner such a decision is made, the greater the likelihood of a successful outcome. The reason for this opinion is extremely simple, because such a formation of any etiology can lead to infringement of the internal secret of the hernial sac. The rapid growth of a pet leads to the fact that the pinched part of the intestine or other organ is clamped by the umbilical ring. Incorrect physiological location of the intestine and increased pressure can lead to the following negative manifestations:

• prolonged constipation and even vomiting, which indicates infringement of the intestine;
• renal failure or congestion of urine with infringement of the bladder;
• pain sensations;
• problems with normal blood circulation, which will lead to starvation of cells and tissues;
• the emergence of a necrotic process, which is associated with the death of cells that have not received enough nutrients, the body begins to reject them;
• septic shock, which is associated with increased intoxication;
• coma and death.

It should be noted that the occurrence of a necrotic process gives the pet owner only a few minutes to deliver the puppy to the veterinarian. The dog immediately gets to the operating table, where the specialist removes the affected tissue, otherwise the animal will die.

If the puppy has a hernia, a small fatty type that does not cause any discomfort, then he does not need treatment.

Small fat type hernias do not cause any discomfort and need to be treated only if the owner decides to improve appearance dogs. As a rule, with aesthetic purpose fatty hernias are removed only after two or in combination with other procedures.

For prevention, the pet needs to massage the tummy immediately after eating. As long as the babies are fed on mother's milk, then after eating, she licks their tummies. After weaning from parental care, the responsibilities of care will fall on the new owners of the puppy. It is necessary to constantly monitor the activity of the puppy, increased tension of the abdominal wall during games can lead to the formation of an umbilical hernia.

Treatment

In puppies, a hernia can be glued, this method works only in the first couple of months of a puppy's life. For adults, the most effective and safest method is surgery. If the operation is planned, then it is customary to combine it with another procedure, for example, with sterilization or some other surgical intervention. During the procedure, the specialist excised the hernial sac, returning the fallen part of the organ back and applying a shock to the hernial stake. In some cases, the procedure is carried out on an urgent basis, as a rule, this occurs when a pinching is detected or a necrosis of the pinched organ occurs.

After surgical intervention the animal needs extra care. He needs to take a course of antibiotics and painkillers. Sometimes immunostimulants are additionally prescribed to ensure the speedy recovery of health. The first days will be the most difficult for the puppy and its owner. After some time, when scarring will form at the site of the seam, pain and other symptoms will pass, the animal will be able to return to a normal lifestyle.

An umbilical hernia is a serious pathology that requires immediate treatment for some indications. In any case, the pet must be shown to a specialist so that he determines the nature of the formation and, if necessary, prescribes surgery.

Chapter XVIII. DISEASES IN THE ABDOMINAL AND RECTAL AREA UMBILICAL HERNIA (HERNIA U1Y1BILICALIS)

An umbilical hernia is a protrusion of the peritoneum and the protrusion of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity (intestine, omentum, etc.) through the expanded umbilical ring. The disease is observed very often in piglets and puppies, less often in calves and foals.

Causes. Hernias can be congenital and acquired. The former occur in cases where an overly wide umbilical opening remains uncovered after the birth of the animal, the latter - due to an injury to the abdominal wall (hit by a horn, hoof, fall, etc.). Acquired hernias are also possible after abdominal operations, with excessive tension of the abdominal muscles as a result of increased intra-abdominal pressure (during childbirth, hard work, with strong tenesmus, etc.).

Pathogenesis. Congenital hernias develop as a result of untimely fusion of the umbilical ring in the postnatal period. The umbilical ring shortly after birth (in piglets during the first month) is obliterated and overgrown with fibrous tissue. If this does not happen, then the young connective tissue covering the umbilical ring, under the influence of intra-abdominal pressure, stretches and gives rise to the formation of a hernia.

Rice. 108. Umbilical hernia in a pig

The formation of acquired umbilical hernias is based on an imbalance between abdominal pressure and resistance of the abdominal wall. The tension of the abdominal wall during falls, blows, hard work and strong tenesmus leads to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The latter contributes to the divergence of the edges of the hernial ring, protrusion of the peritoneum and viscera through an artificially formed hole.

Clinical signs. In a hernia, a hernial opening is distinguished through which internal organs exit; g r y -zh e howling sac - protruding parietal peritoneum; hernial contents - omentum, intestinal loops, etc.

With the development of an umbilical hernia, a sharply limited, painless, soft swelling appears in the navel, often hemispherical in shape (Fig. 108). On auscultation of the swelling, intestinal peristaltic sounds are heard. With a reducible hernia, its contents are reduced into the abdominal cavity, after which it is possible to probe the edges of the hernial ring, determine its shape and size. An irreducible hernia does not decrease in volume due to pressure, its contents cannot be pushed into the abdominal cavity due to the presence of adhesions of the hernial sac with hernial contents. Irreducible hernias can be infringed. In these cases, the animal is initially very worried, and later it is depressed, refuses to feed. Along with this, there is a lack of defecation, an increase in body temperature, a frequent and weak pulse. The swelling in the umbilical region becomes painful and tense.

With large umbilical hernias, inflammation of the hernial sac is sometimes observed as a result of injuries, and when microbes enter the area of ​​the sac, abscesses form, tissue necrosis occurs, and skin ulcerations appear.

Rice. 107. Tracheo tubes:

Forecast. With reducible hernias, the prognosis is favorable, with strangulated hernias with intestinal necrosis - from doubtful to unfavorable (especially in foals).

Treatment. Until recently, conservative and surgical methods of treatment were used for umbilical hernias. Conservative methods include: dressings and bandages, rubbing irritating ointments into the hernia area, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections around the circumference of the hernial ring with 95 ° alcohol, Lugol's solution or 10% sodium chloride solution in order to cause inflammation and closure of the hernial ring with newly formed scar tissue . All these methods are ineffective and are currently almost never used. Operative methods of treatment give good results. The technique of hernia repair (herpectomy) is described in a laboratory-practical lesson.

Hello readers of the site site, in this article I will talk about such a surgical disease as umbilical hernia in animals. Consider what an umbilical hernia is, what is the cause, treatment, prevention of this disease.

Umbilical hernia in animals(as in humans) is a protrusion of the peritoneum and prolapse of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity (intestine, omentum, etc.) through the expanded umbilical ring. The disease is very common in piglets and puppies, less often in calves and foals.

Umbilical hernia in animals

Causes. Hernias can be congenital or acquired. The former occur in cases where an excessively wide umbilical opening remains uncovered after the birth of animals, the latter due to trauma to the abdominal wall (hit by horns, hooves, falls, etc.). Acquired hernias are also possible after abdominal operations with excessive tension of the abdominal muscles, due to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (during childbirth, hard work).

Pathogenesis. Congenital hernias develop as a result of untimely overgrowth of the umbilical ring in the postnatal period. The umbilical ring shortly after birth (in piglets during the first month) is overgrown with fibrinous tissue. If this is not the case, the young connective tissue covering the umbilical ring is stretched under the influence of intra-abdominal pressure and gives rise to the formation of a hernia.

The formation of acquired umbilical hernias is based on an imbalance between abdominal pressure and abdominal wall resistance. The tension of the abdominal wall during falls, bumps, hard work leads to an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which contributes to the expansion of the edges of the hernial ring, protrusion of the peritoneum and viscera through the hole.

Umbilical hernia in animals

Clinical signs. In a hernia, a hernial opening (through which internal organs fall out), a hernial sac (protruding parietal peritoneum) and hernial contents (omentum, intestinal loops, etc.) are distinguished.

When an umbilical hernia develops, a sharply limited, painless, soft swelling appears in the umbilical region, most often a semi-spherical shape.

During auscultation (listening to sounds) of swelling, peristaltic noises of the intestine are heard. If the hernia can be controlled, its content is reduced into the abdominal cavity, after which it is possible to feel the edges of the hernial ring, determine its shape and size.

There are hernias that do not reduce, do not decrease when pressed, its contents cannot be reduced into the abdominal cavity - this is prevented by adhesions of the hernial sac with hernial contents. Hernias that are not managed can be grounded. In these cases, the animal first shows great anxiety, and later becomes depressed, does not accept food. Along with this, there is a lack of defecation, an increase in body temperature, a frequent and weak pulse. The swelling in the umbilical region becomes painful and tense.

With large umbilical hernias, sometimes there is inflammation of the hernial sac due to injuries, and if microbes enter the area of ​​​​the sac, it can form, tissue necrosis occurs, and they form on the skin.

Umbilical hernia in animals

Forecast. With reducible hernias, the prognosis is favorable, with strangulated hernias with intestinal necrosis - from doubtful to favorable (especially in foals).

Treatment. Until recently, conservative and surgical methods of treatment were used for umbilical hernias. Conservative methods are the use of dressings and bandages, rubbing irritating ointments into the hernia area, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections around the circumference of the hernial ring with 95% alcohol, Lugol's solution or 10% sodium chloride solution (to cause inflammation and closure of the hernial ring with scar tissue). All these methods are considered ineffective and are not often used. Operative methods of treatment are the most effective, these are operations different ways with the use of anesthesia and medications.

Prevention. Observe zoohygienic and veterinary rules for feeding and keeping animals and caring for them. Take steps to prevent injury.

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Umbilical hernia(h. umbilicalis) - protrusion of the peritoneum and prolapse of part of the internal organs through the expanded umbilical ring under the skin.

Fixation.

Operation technique .

Before the operation, the animal is prescribed a 12-18 hour fasting diet.

If the hernia is restrained, then the operation is performed urgently!

The hernial sac is dissected in different ways. If this is a female and the hernial sac is not large, then the skin incision is made straight through the top of the bottom of the hernial sac along the white line of the abdomen; if it is large, a spindle-shaped incision is used, the skin flap is dissected and removed.

In males, a month-shaped skin incision is made in front of the prepuce, with a cranial bulge.

There are many ways to surgically treat umbilical hernias.

Gutmann's method.

The skin of the hernial sac (with a small hernial ring) is cut and dissected from the prolapsed peritoneum.

Then it is set, without dissecting into the abdominal cavity.

Several intermittent sutures are placed on the hernial ring. Prick 1-1.5 cm from the edge of the hernial opening, prick by 0.5; on the opposite side, an injection from the hernial ring is 0.5, a prick is 1-1.5 cm. Only the serous-muscular layer is sutured, without penetrating into the abdominal cavity.

Excess skin is removed, knotted sutures are applied to the wound.

Goering-Sedamgrotsky method.

Used for hernias with a narrow hernial ring.

The prepared serous hernial sac is set through the hernial ring into the abdominal cavity, a suture is applied to the hernial ring so that the ligature passes through the edge of the hernial ring and the wall of the reduced empty serous hernial sac.

Pfeiffer's method.

The serous hernial sac is pushed into the abdominal cavity and straightened over the hernial ring. Then it is fixed with a knotted suture to the abdominal wall. To do this, under the control of a finger, the abdominal wall and peritoneum are pierced, retreating 2-2.5 cm from the hernial ring, then the end of the ligature is brought out through the hernial ring and tied near the injection site. Thus, the entire hernial ring is stitched in a circle (later it is closed with scar tissue).

Olivkov's method.

1 way.

It is carried out when the diameter of the hernial ring is not more than 2 cm. The prepared hernial sac is twisted and stitched with a long ligature, the ends of which are stitched on the opposite edges of the hernial ring, tightened and tied (the hernial sac serves as a biological tampon).

2 way.

It is used when it is impossible to dissect the bottom of the hernial sac from the skin. They retreat from the bottom of the hernial sac, where the sac is strongly fused with the skin, and make an oval skin incision. Then the hernial sac is dissected from the skin, the contents of the hernial sac are pushed into the abdominal cavity. An empty hernial sac near the hernial opening is fixed with intestinal pulp and a long suture ligature is applied. Then the bottom of the hernial sac is cut off below the tweezers and ligature. Continue as in the first method.

3 way.

Apply with wide hernial rings. An empty prepared hernial sac is stitched several times with a long ligature. With the ends of the ligatures, the edges of the hernial orifice are sutured, pulled together and tied, making sure that the abdominal organs do not get into the lumen of the hernial orifice.

Sapozhnikov's method.

The hernial contents are pushed back into the abdominal cavity, and the prepared hernial sac is twisted 2-3 times, stitched with catgut and inserted into the hernial ring, the edges of which are connected with a knotted Lambert suture. Knotted sutures are applied to the skin.

The use of alloplastic material according to I. I. Magda.

To close the hernial opening, a sieve made of polymeric biocompatible material (widely used in human medicine) is used. The dissected hernial sac is pushed into the abdominal cavity. A piece is cut out of the alloplastic material so that it protrudes 2-3 cm beyond the edges of the hernial orifice. It is sewn with knotted sutures to the muscle layer of the abdominal wall near the hernial orifice.