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He is the very first to take the child into his arms at the moment of appearance doctor - neonatologist ... He gives an assessment of the condition newborn , saves and nurses him, heals from the first illnesses and teaches mothers to care. Here is what Mr. chief neonatologist of the Department of Health of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy (Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy) Olga Borisovna Ovsyannikova:
Preparing a pregnant woman for childbirth
Today it is already the task of not only an obstetrician, but also a pediatrician - a neonatologist. Now, in addition, a new direction is developing in medicine - perinatology, which covers the time from planning pregnancy until the end of early childhood. It consists of obstetrics and neonatology.

What is harmful to the health of the unborn child
In the first place is bad ecology. Other serious risk factors - socio-biological(mother's age, bad habits, working conditions that can increase the risk of chromosomal and other fetal diseases ), obstetric and gynecological(more than 4 genera, medical abortion, premature birth , stillbirth , gynecological diseases ), illness during pregnancy(endocrine pathology, chronic and acute infections, anemia, toxicosis, bleeding, immunological conflict with the fetus for group and Rh antigens), fetal pathology(congenital defects, hereditary and chromosomal diseases and syndromes, hypoxia - lack of oxygen, s intrauterine growth support and malnutrition, intrauterine infections).
To this list of risk factors for pregnancy, you can add the time and place of conception, the conditions in which the pregnancy .

Birth healthy child
It depends on the conditions of intrauterine life. The mother is his "environment". Therefore, she must exclude from her life factors damaging the child's health - alcohol, nicotine, drugs, ionizing radiation, unfavorable ecology.
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk sudden death child 15 times, and the risk of developing fetal alcohol syndrome is 20 to 50%.
The child, unfortunately, inherits from his parents and hereditary diseases , which are repeated over a number of generations. Such as - hemophilia, color blindness, endocrine diseases ( diabetes, thyroid disease). A woman with diabetes has a 25% risk of having a child with developmental defects. With a lack of iodine and pathology of the thyroid gland in the mother, children are several times more likely to suffer from dementia. If parents have birth defects, they occur in their children 15 times more often than in children of healthy parents.
The likelihood of having children with developmental disabilities is significantly increased when marriages are concluded between relatives (even distant ones) or among populations living in isolated areas.
Currently, great success has been achieved intrauterine diagnostics congenital anomalies and hereditary and infectious pathology in the early stages of embryonic development. Ways of conservative fetal treatment , and methods of surgical correction of some malformations. Mandatory examination of newborns (neonatal screening) for congenital hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, adrenogenital syndrome, galactosemia.

Intrauterine infection
It is transmitted from mother to fetus during her illness during pregnancy ... The most common - cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasma infection. V last years there is an increase in cases of "vertical" transmission of HIV, even congenital syphilis. Bacterial and fungal infections have not lost their "relevance", the role of which in perinatal infection is extremely high, because candida fungi are found in almost 75% pregnant .

The first hours of life
According to the scientist G. Selye, birth is "the shortest and most dangerous journey in life." The first minutes and hours of life determine the development and fate of a little person. From the first minutes you need to create an atmosphere of love, kindness, security around the child. The neonatologist must attach the baby to the mother's breast, which is important for the normalization of his condition.
The child must be examined by a neonatologist after childbirth and on days 14, 21 and 28. And if born prematurely, it should be under the supervision of a specialist until it reaches "maturity". In neonatology, the first half hour after the birth of a child and the first week of life are considered decisive. It is important for a specialist how a child screams in the first minutes of life. And also - the condition of the skin. Cyanosis is possible - cyanosis. Body proportions are assessed. The sizes of the heart, liver, spleen, and lungs are checked by palpation. The reactions to external stimuli are analyzed.

Apgar scale
This scale was presented at the 1952 congress of anesthesiologists by the American physician Virginia Apgar as a system of rapid assessment during childbirth. condition of the newborn ... It helps to quickly determine which baby to pay more attention to. The state of health of the baby is assessed according to five indicators: respiration, heartbeat, muscle tone, reflexes, color skin... The conclusion on the sum of points allows you to determine the condition, give a prognosis and recommendations for the therapy and resuscitation of the newborn.

Childbirth is not in the hospital
There is a negative attitude towards childbirth in the water, which is promoted by Dr. Charkovsky. This is a high risk for the child. He must take his first breath in the air. If the pregnancy was proceeding normally, you can give birth at home by inviting specialists and relatives, as is done, for example, in America. But, if the pregnancy is difficult, you need to go to maternity hospital ... If preterm labor - you need to contact a special perinatal center, where conditions for nursing babies .

Father's place during childbirth
In many countries, men have long supported their wives during childbirth ... The future dad should sympathize with his half, as if taking on some of her pain. AND during contractions after special training, he is able to serve as a support for a woman. Historically, men of different ethnicities have mimicked suffering with facial expressions and groans. It was believed that these techniques alleviate the condition of the woman in labor. But if the spouse is going to give birth, let him remember the iron rule. His place is at the head of his wife. There should be doctors in the legs. It’s cramped there already.

Possible complications of childbirth
It is very difficult to meet a healthy woman now. And every year the number of women with pathological course of pregnancy increases, so there are no more than 10% of absolutely healthy newborns. Very often, neonatologists have to treat birth trauma, received by the child during difficult childbirth, as well as as a result of oxygen deprivation. Added to this are special transitional states when the child begins to adapt to new conditions of extrauterine existence. This is a different type of breathing, nutrition and blood circulation, as well as a new environment - high atmospheric pressure, low humidity, an abundance of sensory stimuli (bright light, sound, touch).
As a result unfavorable course of pregnancy and childbirth , the newborn often has hypoxia and asphyxia ... Have premature babies due to the immaturity of the broncho-pulmonary system, breathing problems often occur, which can only be prevented by administering artificial surfactants to the lungs and carrying out artificial ventilation.

Premature birth

In the country, about 5% of children are born prematurely. The reasons are disorders in the woman's immune system, antigenic compatibility, pathology of hemostasis, infections and inflammatory diseases and others. Premature babies should be born in specialized perinatal centers that have the equipment and the ability to provide staged care, as well as experienced staff. It is imperative to warm up the baby during childbirth, start breathing, cardiac activity. Place in an incubator - a small chamber with artificially maintained temperature and humidity. In them, the temperature adjusts to the temperature of the baby, the possibility of weighing it is provided.
The vast majority of premature babies can be saved life and health. But you should know the following. Domestic and international experience says that children born with extremely low body weight have severe neurological disorders, cerebral palsy and developmental delay in 50% of cases, 10% have hearing impairments, and more than half have visual impairments.
Recently, great success has been achieved in nursing newborns with gestational age - more than 26-28 weeks.
In the near future in Russia it is planned to switch to nursing newborns from 500 g with a gestation period of ≥ 22 weeks. But the survival rate of children with extremely low body weight is 60 - 80%.

Kangaroo Method
Using a sling, the mother carries the baby wrapped in diapers at the breast. Due to poor thermoregulation, babies often freeze, and the warmth from the mother and blankets keep the baby warm. The closeness of the mother's breast encourages the baby to feed as the stomach requires. The beating of the mother's heart, her voice, the flow of warm air from breathing - help the baby, he even breathes with his mother.
When the child is in the intensive care unit, the mother can also hold him at her breast, the designs of incubators allow this. Ideally, this contact should be constant as long as the mother is breastfeeding. Anyone - both full-term and premature. A study by Dr. Gina Cranston Anderson at Florida State University found that premature babies gain weight faster using this method, they have fewer respiratory stops, the length of their hospital stay is reduced, and they cry less. This is important because a lot of oxygen and energy is consumed when crying heavily. So kangaroo method gives a lot not only to the child, but also to the mother. Stimulates her hormone production, enhances maternal feelings, milk formation ... And fathers are involved in caring for premature babies using the kangaroo method.

Newborn: what is important to know about him

Adaptation to a new life begins with the first breath and lasts about a month. It manifests itself in transient states. This is the loss of body weight in the first 3-4 days by 6-8%, which is associated with the loss of water during breathing, sweating, urination. By day 10, the child regains weight. If not, there is probably not enough milk.
Sometimes, against the background of weight loss in a newborn, the temperature may rise or fall. This is a transient fever. It does not require medication. With a significant increase in the temperature of the child, it is better to undress and wipe, give it sweet tea or boiled water. If the temperature is low, which happens in the first hours of life, the child should be wrapped in warm diapers and placed on the changing table under the lamp. A constant body temperature is established by the middle of the first day. In newborns, in the early days, there is a sexual crisis with engorgement of the mammary glands, and desquamative vulvovaginitis in girls. This is a hormonal change in the body. By the 10-14th day of life, the problems go away. Difficulty breathing occurs in newborns. On the fifth day of life, the lung tissue is straightened to the end and breathing is restored.
After childbirth, various edema, allergic, toxic reactions, metabolic disorders, and kidney function occur. By the end of the first week of life, the phenomena disappear, and from the middle of the second they force the doctor to treat them as pathology.
Another problem worries babies - tummy, physiological dyspepsia. There is an adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria enter it along with milk, which normalize digestion over time.
Red skin in the first days of a child's life is a normal reaction to the removal of vernix. It usually intensifies on the 3rd day of life. And by the end of the first week, the skin turns white. Very dry skin in a baby is a consequence of erythema. It is especially common in post-term babies. With severe peeling, you can help with baby cream. Recommended - frequent bathing.
It happens that the child's skin turns yellow on the third day of life - this is physiological jaundice , which is caused by the change of embryonic hemoglobin to normal. It occurs in most newborns. And it goes away within two weeks, but if a lot of bilirubin is formed, the baby can be put in an incubator under a quartz lamp, or given activated charcoal. Here you need a doctor's control.

How to help your baby
There are babies who like to have a good rest, sleep for a long time after giving birth. And they begin to eat actively only on the second or third day. Others are very active, they immediately begin to demand food, often cry, worry.
Before discharge, the mother needs to be asked to find out in the maternity hospital how to properly care for the child, handle umbilical wound, ask about its features, what daily regimen to choose. And at home do not rush to invite guests, first you need to get stronger. Mom needs more rest so that the milk arrives faster. Do not worry. Monitor nutrition. It is desirable that it now contains less animal and plant proteins, more drink - water, tea, unsweetened compote. It should be remembered that a child at 1, 3.6, 9, months and a year should be examined by a neurologist, ophthalmologist, surgeon, orthopedist, ENT doctor, dentist in accordance with Order No. 307 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. In addition, he undergoes an ultrasound internal organs, hip joints, ECG. The pediatrician also carries out a comprehensive assessment of the child's health within the prescribed time frame and prescribes a set of measures, including medication and non-medication, herbal medicine and homeopathic medicines. Do not forget about the preventive vaccinations.

Newborn nutrition

An ideal product for a baby - only breast milk ... It is a storehouse of food nutrients and biologically active substances - hormones, vitamins, trace elements and protective immunological factors. A free feeding regimen is currently recommended - feeding the baby on demand, without a night break, when the baby is not receiving any other drink or food other than breast milk... Such feeding should be carried out up to 6 months of age.

Little milk
For maintaining lactation products enriched with vitamins and microelements are recommended for mothers - "Femilak", lactogenic additives "Lactomil", "Milky Way", etc. And medications- Lactogon, Apilactin, homeopathic Mlekoin, herbal teas and herbal teas that increase lactation. To dilute mixtures and drink a child, it is imperative to use special baby water, which can be bought in specialized departments. baby food or at the pharmacy.

Nurse?
Be careful with this, now there are many infections, varieties of hepatitis, not to mention AIDS. Better feeding, or switching to feeding with adapted formulas.

Diapers
Do not do much harm. But as soon as possible, they need to be abandoned so that the child gets used to the toilet.

Pacifier
It gives the child a sense of security, stimulates cerebral circulation and prevents thumb sucking.

Toys
Must have a hygiene certificate. Their color scheme should be bright. You need to know about the peculiarities of the development of color vision in a baby, for example, in the first 3 months, he predominantly perceives yellow, orange and red colors, the perception of green and blue flowers formed by the age of six months.

Walking
Despite the ecological disadvantage of the metropolis, you need to walk with your child. And when walking, open the child's face, hands, so that vitamin D is synthesized in the skin - this is good way prevention of rickets. Of course, if there is an opportunity to move to an ecologically clean place, this should be used.

Long before conception, future parents should think about what to do to give birth. healthy baby... There is little that can be fixed during pregnancy, so start taking care of your baby's health while planning.

Let's think about what can affect the health of the unborn baby. Of course, it is not in your power to correct the genetic imperfection, but the rest is in your hands. You just need to stop drinking alcohol and nicotine. Everyone knows how they affect the body of an adult, but what about a baby? The use of these substances is unacceptable, especially for a girl.

Perhaps this is the influence of fashion and one of the ways to show your independence, but the opposite is true. You become addicted to cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. Of course, the love of alcohol cannot be inherited, but the consequences tend to be transmitted.

Effects of alcohol, smoking and drugs on child health

Alcohol abuse leads to liver problems, which means that blood circulation problems are inevitable. Smoking can even threaten respiratory cancer, but no one pays attention to this. Imagine, a newborn has not yet begun his life, and you have already awarded him with lung cancer. ... What to do? In this case, the child will have to suffer all his life if he can be saved.

There is nothing to talk about drugs at all. It is with them that incurable sexually transmitted diseases are associated. Think, what if a person uses everything at once? Think about the future! Children are not to blame for your addictions, so they should not suffer for you.

If you are thinking about how to give birth to a healthy baby, this is already a huge step forward. In a year or two, you need to stop any negative impact on the body and give it time to adapt.

Try to play sports, for a start, a simple charge is enough. Eat plenty of raw vegetables and fruits. They store a lot more vitamins than processed ones. Six months before the planned conception, hand over required analyzes... During pregnancy, follow all the recommendations of the doctors and be sure that everything will be all right with the baby.

What to do for a healthy baby

Hooray! The test showed two cherished stripes, and an ultrasound scan confirmed that under your heart was born new life! Take care of her. Remember that the most important point of interest is the first trimester (12 weeks). It is at this time that the baby's organs are laid. Therefore, now you need to monitor your health especially carefully.

So what are we doing? We go through examinations and analyzes. If during planning you passed most of the tests to determine a variety of infections and diseases, now you will not have to take them. If not, then the main "pregnant" tests will need to pass them.

Remember that viral infections can lead to miscarriage or fetal malformations. And you want to give birth to a healthy baby, right? Listen to your doctor's recommendations. Undergo an ultrasound scan to exclude various pathologies and adjust your actions if necessary.

Throughout pregnancy, ultrasound scans are performed 3 to 6 times, depending on the need.

We eat right. The nutrition of the expectant mother is incredibly important for the birth of a healthy baby. While in the womb, the baby receives nutrition through the blood. Therefore, the quality of maternal blood directly affects the development of the fetus and the lack of certain substances can lead to the formation of various pathologies in the child. And these are pathologies of the brain and spine, and various others (for example, such as "cleft lip" and "cleft palate").

For a long time, or better forever, forget about fast foods, chips, colored soda, chewing gum, sweets with dubious ingredients. Also, do not use fruits and vegetables "out of season", because they contain a large percentage of various chemicals, which certainly will not be beneficial.

Do not be lazy to cook complete meals, because semi-finished products contain a large amount of preservatives and other chemicals. Do not eat fatty, fried and salty foods. Limit your intake of sugary and starchy foods. But at the same time, your food should be varied.

Cereals, fish, meat, vegetables, fruits, herbs, dairy products - the choice of "right" products is wide, so do not worry that you will have nothing to eat. Fish and meat are irreplaceable sources of protein. Calcium, which is contained in cottage cheese and other "sour milk", is a must for both mom and baby. It is needed to maintain the health of a woman, as well as for the correct formation of the fetus, first of all, its skeleton and teeth.

Make sure that the products from which you prepare your own food are not only natural and seasonal, but also fresh. Special attention give foods containing folic acid. Her lack of early dates pregnancy can cause a variety of fetal pathologies.

Look for folic acid in dark green leafy vegetables. These are broccoli, spinach, sorrel, and Brussels sprouts. It is also found in some citrus fruits, cheese, liver. Bread made from wholemeal flour and yeast are also rich in folic acid.

Drink as much as you like, but at least two liters of fluid per day. The water you drink must be clean and fresh. Don't forget about fruit drinks and compotes. But on the contrary, try to forget about coffee.

Monitor your weight. Correct weight gain is an indicator of the normal and timely development of the baby. Doctors say that the optimal weight gain for the entire pregnancy should not exceed 12 kilograms.

Video materials on the topic of the article

How to conceive a child correctly:

How to eat right during pregnancy:

Fitness for pregnant women:

Even perfectly healthy parents sometimes have sick children. Medical statistics say this happens 5 percent of the time. This is not that much, but it is still necessary to do everything possible to avoid becoming one of them.

Now more and more often you can hear about planning a pregnancy. This means that the family, thinking about procreation, is first of all examined in special medical centers. To do this, see your geneticist. He will review your pedigree and determine the level of risk for you. After that, you will have to undergo a medical examination.

In many countries, the chromosome set of a married couple is now often determined. It is necessary to study the set of both spouses, since the child takes chromosomes from both the mother and the father. Even being completely healthy, it is possible to have balanced chromosomal abnormalities. And this can manifest itself in the unborn child. In such cases, the child will have a 10-30% chance of impairment.

Parents-to-be, planning offspring, must say goodbye to bad habits- quit smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs. And only a few months after that, you can plan to conceive a child. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy are the most important for your baby's health. Therefore, a woman during this period should eat right, take vitamins, rest more often, and, if possible, not get sick. We must try to get rid of all adverse effects - chemical or radiation.

Pregnant women must be examined before the tenth week for viral infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, herpes. It is necessary to undergo an ultrasound scan at 11-12 weeks and 22-22 weeks, determine the level of alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin at 16-20 weeks.

Viral infections can be very dangerous for an unborn child. For example, common rubella is very dangerous. This disease up to 12 weeks of pregnancy in 70-80% of cases causes fetal malformations. Therefore, if a woman does not have immunity to rubella, then no later than three months before the planned pregnancy, it is necessary to be vaccinated. Herpes, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus are also very dangerous. It is necessary to be examined for these infections before pregnancy and in its first weeks.

Ultrasound examination allows you to identify abnormalities in the development of the fetus and determine chromosomal abnormalities. For example, the identification of a thickening of the collar zone in a fetus at 11 - 13 weeks in 70% of cases speaks of Down's syndrome. Chorionic biopsy in the first trimester of pregnancy can determine chromosomal abnormalities. During an ultrasound scan at 20-22 weeks, pathologies in the formation of the face, arms and legs, as well as internal organs are revealed.

At 16-20 weeks of pregnancy, the level of biochemical markers is determined - alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin. This is done to exclude the pathology of chromosomes and some abnormalities in the development of the fetus, concerning the nervous system and the anterior abdominal wall. This level also changes with the threat of miscarriage and toxicosis, so only a doctor can correctly assess the results.

If the pregnant woman is over 35 years old, or the family already has a child with abnormalities, or the carriage of chromosomal abnormalities, or ultrasound changes has been identified, then in such cases, chorionic biopsy, amniocentesis and cordocentesis are indicated. Such studies are carried out in a one-day hospital with ultrasound guidance. After they have been carried out for 4-5 hours, the woman is monitored by doctors. To exclude complications, the pregnant woman takes medications.

Chorionic biopsy means that cells are taken from the future placenta. The risk of miscarriage is 2-3%. The advantages of this study include the early completion period - 8-12 weeks, and the speed of obtaining results - no more than three days.

Amniocentesis is the aspiration of amniotic fluid. Held at 16-24 weeks. You have to wait 2-3 weeks to get the result. But amniocentesis is safer - the risk of complications is 1%.

Cordocentesis is a puncture of the umbilical cord of the fetus. It is usually carried out at 22-25 weeks. Using the above invasive methods, it is possible to identify Down's disease (the presence of an extra 21 chromosome), Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome), Turner syndrome (lack of an X chromosome), monogenic diseases such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and others. All these examinations can be done at the Family Planning and Reproduction Center.

What you need to know when conceiving a child:

It is best to plan for conception in late summer or early fall. At this time, a pregnant woman can receive a sufficient amount of vitamins, spend a lot of time outdoors, in addition, at this time the risk of contracting a viral infection is reduced.

It is best to plan your pregnancy between the ages of 18 and 35. After this age, the risk of deviations in the child increases, therefore, it is imperative to do a medical and genetic examination.

If the spouses are close relatives, the risk of having inferior children increases significantly.

If a woman takes vitamin B9 (folic acid) for three months before conception and the first three months of pregnancy, this will help significantly reduce the risk of malformations of the brain and anterior abdominal wall in the baby. Vitamin B9 should be taken 2 times a day, 2 milligrams.

A woman must definitely register for pregnancy in the early stages. This will make it possible to avoid many complications and achieve a successful pregnancy.

In the preparation of this article, materials from rodi.ru were used.

Anyone expecting a child dreams of being born healthy. Unfortunately, these dreams do not always come true. There is nothing to be done - even crumbs are susceptible to serious ailments, let alone all kinds of congenital diseases and disorders.

Many of them can be prevented by averting trouble from the long-awaited baby long before his appearance. And first of all, his parents will have to take care of this - as soon as they plan an heir.

Preparation for pregnancy begins even before conception, and it is a pity that many neglect this. The modern lifestyle leads people to overloads of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, chronic stress, poor nutrition and physical inactivity.

Few people closely monitor their health, not noticing for the time being alarming symptoms; having many diseases in a latent or chronic form, it is possible to influence the health of the unborn child not the best way... This is especially true for residents of megacities. Huge cities, in terms of ecology, are not the most the best place for living.

Some rely on their own health, on age, hoping that everything will work out and so - nature will help. It helps, but not always. Often, human nature is simply not able to independently cope with the grave consequences of all kinds of shocks and loads that are falling on the life of an ordinary average person in our time.

Examination before pregnancy

When planning an upcoming pregnancy, you should try to eliminate possible violations and deviations - not only in the external environment, but also in the state of health of both parents. There is no need to be ashamed of examinations before pregnancy, the main thing is taking care of the future little man.

First of all, the expectant mother should consult a gynecologist; most likely, the spouse will also have an interview. In some cases, consultation with other specialists is required - it is important to assess the heredity of potential parents and assess their physical condition.

The greatest attention, of course, is paid to the well-being and health of the expectant mother. She will be examined by a gynecologist, a check for oncological diseases - examination of the mammary and thyroid glands, a smear. A routine examination will certainly complement an ultrasound scan, which is prescribed at the initial phase of the menstrual cycle.

Fetal-threatening infections

A number of infections, which both mother and father can be infected with, often have a latent course and serve the main reason damage to the fetus, its death, as well as the appearance of various deformities. Many diseases occur in a latent form, threatening to become the cause of congenital diseases of the fetus.

All microorganisms and viruses are divided into unconditioned pathogens that cause infection of the fetus, and conditional, whose pathological effect has not yet been proven.

Most often, the cause of the disease is viruses (cytomegalovirus infection, herpes simplex, rubella, hepatitis C and B, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, HIV); bacteria (treponema, streptococcus, klebsiella, chlamydia, listeria, staphylococcus); protozoa (toxoplasma, malaria, plasmodia); Candida mushrooms. Detection of microorganisms in the fetus does not necessarily cause the development of the disease, but increases the risk of possible negative effects. Even a woman who has been ill during pregnancy can have a completely healthy baby.

From mother to fetus, the infection is transmitted either through the genital tract or through the placenta. To infect a child, the presence of an infection in the mother's body is not enough, there must be a large number of microorganisms; this happens with an acute infection or with a sharp exacerbation of a chronic one. But also in in this case the child does not necessarily get sick.

Chickenpox

When in childhood we heard that it is better to get sick with other diseases before growing up, it was not very clear what it was about. But when faced with pregnancy, many understand that this opinion is not devoid of logic.

There are infectious diseases that childhood are almost harmless, but for pregnant women they turn out to be very dangerous. The disease transferred in childhood is accompanied by the production of antibodies, making the body immune to the pathogen and excluding the likelihood of infection in adulthood, especially during pregnancy.

Among other infections, chickenpox is potentially the least dangerous. It should be emphasized - less dangerous, but not completely safe. Firstly, this disease cannot go unnoticed, and a person almost always knows for sure whether he had chickenpox in childhood. Secondly, chickenpox is a childhood disease in 90% of cases.

Thirdly, its course is characterized by a low risk of damage to the embryo. Chicken pox becomes a disease dangerous for pregnancy if it occurs before twenty weeks of pregnancy, as well as before or after childbirth.

But this does not mean that at other times, chickenpox is not a reason to see a doctor. Risk can always exist, and only a qualified specialist can determine how best to minimize it.

Rubella

The rubella virus for a pregnant woman is considered the most dangerous: most often it is transmitted to the fetus and causes irreversible damage. Congenital rubella is often the cause of heart disease, cataracts, and deafness. Sometimes pneumonia develops, blood disorders, physical underdevelopment is possible. Infection is most dangerous in the early stages - the likelihood of congenital malformations is high.

The pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets, the source of infection is sick children; the expectant mother should avoid such contacts. For infection, a rather close and long-term contact with the patient is necessary, such as being together in a room or caring for a sick person.

But a strong immunity is developed to the disease, so if a mother suffered rubella in childhood or was vaccinated, she may not be afraid of infection. In other cases, it is better to take a blood test for the presence of antibodies to the pathogen.

If pregnancy is planned in advance, then months before conception, an inoculation is done, followed by a check for the presence of antibodies confirming the formation of immunity. And another one characteristic feature the course of the disease in pregnant women - infection in the second half of pregnancy, after 20 weeks, has practically no negative effect on the baby.

Cytomegalovirus

It is considered the second most dangerous infection among those transmitted by airborne droplets and sexually. Worst option - infection of a pregnant woman from an ill person acute form, because the absence of antibodies in her body allows viruses to freely cross the placenta and affect the fetus.

If a woman was infected with a virus before conception, and during pregnancy the disease worsened, the existing antibodies significantly weaken the virus, preventing its penetration into the fetus. Early infection increases the likelihood of developmental anomalies or spontaneous miscarriage... For more later dates polyhydramnios, "congenital cytomegaly" may develop, premature birth is possible. The baby will have jaundice, enlarged spleen and liver, anemia, hearing, eye and central nervous system damage. The best preventive measure is to avoid contact with infected and sick people.

Herpes

Herpes virus among others viral infections is considered the least dangerous due to the fact that there is little likelihood of infection of the baby or the appearance of individual pathologies. A serious situation is an exacerbation of genital herpes in the expectant mother after 32 weeks. If the presence of the disease is confirmed by doctors, it is indicated C-section, excluding the possibility of infection of the baby in the birth canal. To be calm about this, at the beginning of pregnancy it does not hurt to get tested for the presence of the herpes virus.

Flu

Everyone knows about the dangers of influenza, and infecting an expectant mother with it can cause quite serious consequences. It is no longer the pathogen itself that is dangerous, but the complications of the immune system, kidneys and heart caused by it. In addition, the disease is fraught with premature birth or threatened miscarriage. Staphylococcal or pneumococcal infections are easier after the flu.

The most severe impact the flu has on early stages development of the embryo - in the first trimester. It is during this period that the main laying and initial development of the most important systems and organs of the fetus takes place. The conclusion suggests itself - to increase the immunity of the expectant mother, hardening, good nutrition and vitamins are recommended.

Toxoplasmosis

The greatest danger of bacterial infections is toxoplasmosis, which can be contracted through contaminated meat or contact with a sick cat. If a woman was ill before pregnancy, she received lifelong immunity. The danger of toxoplasmosis grows in parallel with the increase in the term. Infection in the first trimester is unlikely to cause pathology; in the second, the possibility of a congenital disease increases by 20% - numerous pathogens accumulate in the tissues of the brain and nervous system of the fetus.

Frequent consequences of such a lesion are increased intracranial pressure, epilepsy, mental retardation and blindness. In the last trimester, the probability of the disease is 50-60%. As a preventive measure, expectant mothers are advised to eat well-processed meat and avoid contact with cats.

Other infections

Diseases such as thrush, or candidiasis, mycoplasmosis, gardenellosis, trichomonadosis, listeriosis and chlamydia can pose a real threat to both the mother and the fetus. Severe disease can cause spontaneous miscarriage and stillbirth. Timely diagnostics and proper treatment suppress the infection without leaving the slightest trace of it. The main thing is to pass the prescribed tests in a timely manner and obey the doctor in everything.

Prevention of abnormalities in a baby

If the couple previously had unsuccessful pregnancies and various problems that led to premature birth, miscarriages or the birth of sick babies - she needs thorough examination... It should include detailed analyzes, ultrasound at certain stages of the menstrual cycle (to determine the state of the endometrium), consultation with a geneticist.

With the onset of pregnancy, research and consultation are necessary even completely healthy woman- they will help to identify possible deviations and violations. Even with a weekly delay in menstruation, it is possible to determine the size of the ovum and its position in the uterus using an ultrasound scan.

In about a couple of weeks, the expectant mother will have a comprehensive examination, including visits to a therapist, otolaryngologist and dentist. A mandatory regular ultrasound scan is prescribed for a period of 10-12 weeks and serves to exclude obvious violations in the development of the embryo.

If you suspect the presence of chromosomal abnormalities (especially if the age of potential parents is over 35 years old), you can carry out genetic analysis- Chorionic biopsy. This method allows, in the shortest possible time, to reliably exclude individual serious disorders or diseases of the unborn child.

From 20 weeks of pregnancy with ultrasound examination you can monitor the condition of the fetus directly: during the procedure, its organs are clearly visible, the number of amniotic fluid, the condition of the placenta, the quality of blood flow in the umbilical cord and uterine vessels and other important indicators.

Pregnancy and lifestyle

In planning a pregnancy, it is not only the state of health of the unborn child and parents that is important. No later than 2 months before the intended conception, parents should begin to carry out prevention of probable deviations and violations - just during such a time in men, the entire "stock" of spermatozoa is completely renewed.

You should try to avoid overwork and stress, beware of "accidental" diseases and colds, exclude the use of alcohol and, if possible, quit smoking. Taking medications must be agreed with the doctor, with the exception of drugs contraindicated for pregnant women.

The expectant mother should lead a correct lifestyle and observe the diet: eat vegetables and fruits, meat and fish, cottage cheese and dairy products. They are irreplaceable sources of protein and calcium so needed by the baby. They are necessary for the full formation of the fetus, bones of the skeleton and teeth, as well as for replenishing losses female body and to maintain the health of a woman.

It is better to limit flour dishes and sweets - overweight adversely affects the course of pregnancy. Various soda, strong tea and coffee, which exert an increased load on the cardiovascular system, will not be beneficial. It is better to replace them with healthy fruit drinks and juices from fruits, and from mineral water remove unnecessary gases.

Physical activity should be moderate and planned; special complexes have been developed to preserve the health of both the child and the mother, as well as to prepare for childbirth. Swimming in an indoor pool is useful - it prepares the muscles of the pelvis, back and abdomen for the upcoming stress. In the pools there are groups of special health-improving gymnastics for pregnant women, and their own complexes have been developed for different periods.

It is better to limit swimming in natural reservoirs or even leave it for later - the possibility of catching an infection in one of them is too great. Reasonable caution is necessary; physical activity should be alternated with rest. Future mom should eat healthy and varied food, regularly consult and be examined by a doctor - then the pregnancy will proceed without complications, and the child will be born in due date and healthy.

The pregnancy planning phase is extremely important, but not all couples go through it properly. Often, all important tests begin to be given after pregnancy. If, according to their results, infections that threaten pregnancy are detected, self-medication cannot be performed. It is not dangerous for pregnant women, but here it can cause disastrous consequences. The doctor leading the pregnancy must prescribe competent and adequate treatment that can lead possible risks to a minimum.

I like!

Any person who has already become a parent or is just waiting for this joyful event, more than anything in the world wants one thing - that he the baby was born healthy... However, this desire does not always come true. What to do - even the smallest children are prone to serious ailments, and I don’t want to talk about the possibility of any congenital disorders and diseases. But you need to! After all, many of them can be prevented, taken away from a small fragile creature long before it is born! And future parents should worry about this in advance - as soon as they decide to "give birth to a child."

But swimming in open waters, unfortunately, will have to be limited - in most of them there is too great a risk of catching an infection. Exercise reasonable care, combine activity with rest, eat right, get regular check-ups and consult a doctor - in this case everything will go well and your baby will be born healthy!