DIY origami research paper. Scientific research work on the topic: “Modular origami - geometry of a paper sheet” - presentation. Master class “Origami is exciting”

Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school in the working village of Mukhen, municipal district named after Lazo, Khabarovsk Territory

Research

Subject: Magic world origami

Completed by: Mironova Marina,

student of grade 5 "a" MBOU secondary school district. p. Mukhen

Head: Gornostaeva Valentina Ivanovna,

librarian MBOU secondary school district p. Mukhen

2016

Content

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3-4

2. Main part

2.1. Origami - the art of folding paper………………………….5

2.2. History of origami……………………………………………………...6-7

2.3. Cranes of Hiroshima……………………………………………..8-9

2.4. Origami ABC……………………………………………………….10

2.5. Folding technique……………………………………………………………11

2.6. Origami and basic geometric concepts……………………..12-13

2.7. Study of origami paper…………………………………..14

2.8. Origami in Everyday life……………………………………...15

3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………16-17

4. Literature……………………………………………………………..18

5. Applications……………………………………………………………………………….19-24

Introduction

Origami is an amazing, mysterious word. Almost every person is familiar with origami, although not all of us have heard this foreign word. Origami is the Japanese art of pattern making. various items, animals, birds, flowers by folding a sheet of paper.

The only working material is paper. The only tool is your hands. This is a unique DIY folding activity. beautiful toys And geometric figures. Our grandparents also made a variety of things from paper and cardboard, although the concept itself was not familiar to them. These were also paper toys: boats, airplanes, paper hats and caps that protect the head from the sun's rays, and original paper souvenirs (Annex 1).

The first time I heard this word was in 1st grade during a technology lesson. But then I didn’t pay much attention to it. At the end of 4th grade, as they showed us in class paper crafts made using a triangular module using the origami technique(Appendix 2). The teacher showed us how to connect these modules together. This was the only lesson and I wanted to learn more about this interesting, fascinating and useful art.

My mother, seeing my passion, bought me a book" Modular origami". While doing various crafts according to the book's diagrams, I felt that I was gaining experience in folding paper, which was useful to me in mathematics lessons. While playing, I learned the basics of geometry. When making origami figures, imagination, fine motor skills of the hands, spatial thinking are developed, taste and accuracy are cultivated , hard work, what does, learning the use of origamirelevant for research.

An object: origami as a form of applied art.Subject of study: use of origami in everyday life.Target: consider the possibilities of using origami techniques for the education and development of students.

Hypothesis: Origami classes contribute to the development creativity, fine motor skills hands, spatial thinking, successful learning of mathematics.

Tasks:

Study the history of origami;

Get acquainted with the origami technique;

Learn to create origami products;

Identify the connection between origami and mathematics;

Find ways to use origami in everyday life.

Research methods:

1. Method of mathematical statistics and data processing.

2. Analysis of popular science literature.

2. Main part 2.1. Origami is the art of paper folding.

The concept of "origami" comes from the Japanese language. The Japanese themselves were the founders of this art form. Literally translated, it means “folded paper,” since “ori” translates to “folded” and kama means “paper.” The Japanese understand origami as “the art of a whole sheet,” that is, its original condition is the continuity of a sheet of paper, its integrity without any kind of intervention, additions or other actions in relation to it. Only bending or folding the sheet.

Today, many people all over the world are interested in the art of origami. Paper figures are made by children and adults, artists and designers. It is even taught in schools, books are written about it and magazines are published with interesting articles and descriptions of various models.

Now the original philosophical meaning of this toy has been forgotten. In addition to traditional square crafts, many other ways of creating paper figures have been invented. These can be models made up of a regular triangle and half a square, torn off vertically or diagonally, or even from pentagons, hexagons, or octagons. The latest “fashion” is to fold origami from a sheet of regular standard-sized writing paper.

They also make models woven from endless tape - this is where origami turns into macrame. The method of making models from many identical parts (modules) has also completely departed from the traditional “origami”. So, from several squares you can make a beautiful bracelet or even a tiara(Appendix 3).

Nowadays, origami has ceased to be just a toy. Scientists and designers became interested in this art. Scientific symposiums on origami are held. The most complex technical structures - paper models - are already being created.

But children, of course, are most interested in origami as an opportunity to create new toy. Or you can create new, your own three-dimensional paper figures.

2.2. History of origami

Getting acquainted with origami should start with ancient history. It was there, in Ancient China, in 105 AD, that the first prerequisites for the emergence of origami appeared - the art of folding any figures from square sheet paper without using scissors and glue. As history shows, in that significant year, the official Tsai Lun made an official report to the emperor that a paper production technology had been created. For many decades, under pain of death, the Chinese kept the secret of creating a white sheet. But over time, when the monks of China began their travels to Japan, some of the secrets of this country began to travel with them. In the 7th century, the wandering Buddhist monk Dan-Ho, whom contemporaries said was rich in knowledge and knew how to make ink and paper, made his way to Japan and taught monks how to make paper using Chinese technology. Very soon, Japan managed to establish its own mass production of paper, largely ahead of China(Appendix 4).

The first pieces of paper folded into unusual figures appear first in monasteries. It couldn't be any other way. Indeed, in Japanese, the concepts “God” and “Paper” sound the same, although they are denoted by different hieroglyphs. Paper figures had a symbolic meaning. Initially, paper figurines and crafts remained only objects of rituals and ceremonies of the peoples of Asian countries. They were made for wedding celebrations, they were used to decorate the house during feasts or other festive events And traditional rituals. But it was not art yet. Just a piece of paper, very valuable and expensive, bearing the name of God, became an integral part of the life of the Japanese. Later, the art of origami began to be used by samurai. They invented a way to fold a sheet of paper in such a way that only a person initiated into the secrets of origami could unfold it without spoiling it.

By the beginning of the 14th century. the fashion for origami has so captured the inhabitants of the countries

East, that almost every wealthy family had its own teacher - an origamist who taught children this skill. The inability to make paper crafts was considered the height of bad manners. Any education was now unthinkable without knowledge and mastery of the origami technique.

Japan, which created the entire origami alphabet, the basis of paper craftsmanship, officially remained the birthplace of this art. It was here that all the classic models of paper figurines and crafts that are used all over the world to this day were invented.

Origami came to Rus' much later. In the 19th century One of the first who learned to bend various figures from a sheet of paper were the children of Tsar Nicholas II. They were taught this skill by a philologist from Cambridge, who was invited to teach the heir to the throne. The children immediately liked this activity. For a long time, origami in Russia remained a “children’s art.”

Russian writer Leo Tolstoy also knew how to fold paper figures.(Appendix 5). In the draft for the article “What is Art,” he writes: “This winter, one mother taught me to make cockerels out of paper, folding and turning it inside out in a well-known way, which, when you pull them by the tail, flap their wings. This invention is from Japan. I love it a lot.” Once I made these cockerels for children, and not only the children, but always all the big ones present, who did not know these cockerels, both the gentlemen and the servants, were amused and became close to these cockerels, everyone was surprised and happy: how similar to birds these cockerels flap their wings. whoever invented this cockerel rejoiced from the bottom of his heart that he managed to make the likeness of a bird, and this feeling is transmitted, and therefore, strange as it may seem, the work of such a cockerel is real art.”

The world owes the restoration and return of origami to the famous origami master Akira Yoshizawa(Appendix 6). It was he who, after World War II, devoted himself to restoring what had been lost and inventing new things in the art of origami. He recorded all his knowledge and experience and reflected it in precise drawings, developing origami symbols.

Modular origami has now been added to the traditional ones. A module is a part, detail, element of a figure. This type of origami is similar to assembly, when many identical modules are combined to form one or another paper structure. In general, this type of origami resembles children's blocks, from which you can build castles, palaces, cars and other things. Multifaceted blanks in the form of cubes, balls, boxes and other small identical parts made of paper are connected by origamists in a certain sequence. Most often this method is performed large sizes structures (castles or palaces), as well as complex figures of animals, flowers and other plants, birds, fish. The more experienced the origamist, the more complex the figure(Appendix 7). Modular origami is often used by craftsmen, as it allows them to create complex origami structures from various geometric parts. However, to practice modular origami, it is important that the master knows how to make very complex geometric calculations. Otherwise, the craft will have an unsightly warped or inverted appearance.

2.3. Hiroshima Cranes

The international symbol of origami is the Japanese paper crane.The crane is a symbol of happiness and good luck in Japan(Appendix 8). There is one sad legend story associated with the paper crane, which gave it additional meaning and turned it into a sacred bird of the world.During World War II, there lived a little girl named Sadako Sasaki in Hiroshima.(Appendix 9). She was born in 1943 and was just a baby when her father and mother were killed in the bombing of Hiroshima. Sadako herself survived, but suffered from radiation sickness. The girl fought the disease as best she could, but she got worse every year. While lying in the hospital, Sadako folded paper cranes. She believed that if she folded a thousand cranes, her wish would come true. It became more and more difficult to work on the cranes, and, realizing that she would never recover, Sadako began to dream of peace for all the people of the Earth, so that there would be no more wars and innocent people would not die. But she did not have time to make a thousand cranes. After making 644 cranes, Sadako died of illness in hospital on October 25, 1955. Having learned about this, children from all countries began to send origami paper cranes they had made to Hiroshima in the hope that Sadako’s dream would come true. A monument to Sadako was erected in Japan, and children still send paper cranes to the Peace Museum in Hiroshima as a symbol of peace and memory.

The monument depicts a bomb, on top and on the sides of which there are figures of children with their hands raised to the sky.(Appendix 10).

Making a crane:

1. We begin to fold the crane from the basic shape of a Square

2. Move the layers of paper apart on the sides and make three folds: bend and unbend

right and left edges, after which we bend and unbend the top of the figure.

Turn over and repeat the same with the other side;

3. Carefully lift the top layer of the diamond and bend it upward.

We do this by pressing on the sides.

4. Turn the figure over and repeat the same with the other side;

5. Spread the layers of paper apart on the sides and fold the sides of the front layer of the figure towardscenter;

6. Turn the figure over to the other side and do the same as in the previous point;

7. Now we spread the layers of paper along the sides of the figure and wrap them up

sharp bottom ends. Press on the sides, align the shape and bend it

to the sides, you guessed it, the nose and tail of a crane;

8. Bend the crane’s nose, spread its wings and voila.

2.4. Origami ABC

The simplest methods of constructing crafts are based on the ability to fold a square in half, vertically or horizontally, and sequentially bending the paper, first along and then across, aligning the sides to opposite corners. All these actions are marked with symbols, arrows, developed and approved by the Japanese Origami Association.In the international literature on origami, a certain set of conventional signs has long been formed, necessary in order to sketch the folding diagram of even the most complex product. In addition to signs, there is a small set of techniques that occur quite often. International conventional signs, together with a set of simple techniques, constitute a unique"ABC" origami.Most of the conventional signs were put into practice in the middle20th century famous Japanese masterAkira Yoshizawa .

Twisting techniques A technique sometimes used in origami is turning a figurine or part of it inside out. Naturally, this can only be done when this part consists of at least two layers of paper.The technique and result of turning paper inside out can be seen on models of kusudama - “balls”(Appendix 11).

2.5. Folding technique While researching the folding technique, I paid attention to the folds. They must be “sharp” and the layers of paper must fit tightly to each other so that there is no displacement and the product turns out beautiful and neat. You need to connect the corners evenly and accurately.

Whether the paper is folded correctly or not depends onskill and eye , which can be developed using origami.Origami helps to developobservation . After all, in order to make, for example, a dog, I need to imagine its shape, movements and habits: otherwise, my figurine will not look like a real dog. If this is not done, then the work remains simply a repetition of movements.

Since in origami the main tool is the fingers and they need to be trained, which allows you to improvefine motor skills . To do this, I suggest doing simple basic forms first.

2.6. Origami and basic geometric concepts

Now there are three main trends in origami.First current – traditional origami, where a square is used as the basis.Second current – models are made up of sheets of triangular, rectangular, five-, six-, and octagonal shapes.Third current – modular origami, models are made from a certain, sometimes quite large number of modules of the same type.That is, all the figures in origami are made from geometric shapes, which means this is one of the points of contact between origami and mathematics. But in origami, figures can be built without drawing tools, using several folds.When working with a square, we become familiar with the concepts: angle, side, diagonal, center, midline, vertex, dividing a segment into parts, an angle into parts, with methods of folding a square and folding other geometric shapes from a square. Thus, with the help of origami, geometric problems on a plane are solved.Continuing my research, putting together modular structures and traditional kusudama, I came to the conclusion that they resemble geometric bodies. And I plunged into origametry.Origametry is a combination of origami and geometry, which brings with it the originality of a different approach to geometric problems.In origametry it is considered:a) the role of straight lines will be played by the edges of the sheet and the fold lines formed when it is folded;b) the role of points - the vertices of the corners of the sheet and the points of intersection of fold lines with each other or with the edges of the sheets.

Back in the 19th century, the German teacher F. Febel founded an integrated course in teaching mathematics using origami(Appendix 12). Origami can be used in mathematics classes in tasks such as:a) find horizontal, vertical, oblique lines;b) find all the squares;c) find all triangles;

d) give a name to the images;c) folding a square, adjacent sides, diagonal.

Froebel's ideas are still very interesting today. Origami promotes the activity of both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, as it requires simultaneous control of the movements of both hands.

Folding polyhedra is a fascinating activity, but at the same time it is not easy. It requires accuracy, precision and high concentration. In high school we will study a section of mathematics - STEREOMETRY. She studies the properties of figures in space. Among them are the Platonic solids(Appendix 13).

There are five regular polyhedra, which are called Platonic solids.They are composed of regular polygons (tetrahedra - 4 triangles, octahedron - 8 triangles, icosahedron - 20 triangles, cube - 6 squares, dodecahedron - 12 pentagons).

There are many other polyhedra in the world, but they will be either semi-regular or irregular. The best way Origami allows you to get acquainted with the Platonic solids and other polyhedra, since such figures are folded from paper easily and quickly.

2.7. Origami paper research

Lovers of the art of origami among all prefer and most actively use such types of paper as writing, newspaper, wrapping, wallpaper, printing, tracing paper, cardboard, velvet and others. If we consider each type separately, then each of them will have its own advantages and disadvantages for origami products.

So I decided to research the paper and choose the one that is best for origami

Type of paper

Advantages

Flaws

Origami paper


Easy to fold and holds wrinkles well.


-

Napkins


Suitable for special products.


It is difficult to fold, over time the figure unfolds on its own.

Wrapping


Dense, but thin, does not tire your fingers when folding. Its size is not limited.


Coloring is missing.


Office paper


Holds folds well and is durable.


-


Paper for labor lessons


Very thin. This allows you to fold the figures with a large number of folds.


It dries out and white streaks appear on the folds.

From this study we can conclude that for origamiany paper is suitable . I just need to find suitable paper for the figure I want to fold.

2.8. Origami in everyday life

We are connected with paper from our very first days to the end of our lives. By creating varied and complex paper products, we make our creations part of everyday life. Napkins - the art of origami can also be used in table setting(Appendix 14). It is now difficult to imagine our life and leisure without origami art products. It also helps in the design of halls and halls, stands for exhibitions, expositions, etc.
How nice it is to receive gifts! But it’s no less pleasant to give them. A gift made with your own hands, and not bought in a store, is something unique, original and especially pleasant. Thanks to the art of origami, we can give little sisters and brothers funny toys. Whatever we cook, our family and loved ones will be pleasantly surprised. Nowadays, such a trend in origami as gift wrapping has become widely known. The box can be ordinary square, star-shaped, matchbox-shaped, unusually shaped, sanbo, zunako - there can be countless types of boxes... A small gift can be placed in a beautifully decorated box, and a larger gift can be decorated with a rose or a paper star(Appendix 15). The art of origami is a great way to make a gift unusual and interesting.

Flowers occupy a very important place in our lives. We give them to our loved ones on holidays. We use them to decorate our apartments, outfits, and gifts for loved ones. Paper flowers can be made both voluminous and flat. Volumetric flowers can be placed in any decorative or paper vase. Flat flowers are mainly used for making panels and decorating gift boxes.(Appendix 16).

3 . Conclusion
Origami is, first of all, an art designed to give people joy.
Many entrepreneurs order paper figurines from craftsmen to use as a company symbol. Paper figures are used to create advertising videos and posters.

Origami is both children's fun, and a design element, and an integral attribute national holidays in many countries of the world. There are theaters where the characters and decorations are paper figures. But origami also contributes to the successful study of geometry. In the process of folding origami figures, I can easily navigate in space and on a sheet of paper, I can divide the whole into parts, find the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal. All this helps the development of the first drawing skills. In the process of working on the project, I learned a lot of new things related to geometry and mathematics.

My first teacher primary classes, Irina Aleksandrovna, from her I learned that working with your hands is also useful for the development of the cerebral hemispheres, since the right hand is responsible for the left hemisphere, and left hand- for the right. It turns out that when folding origami, both hemispheres of the brain develop, since both hands work simultaneously. It is not without reason that speech therapists use this activity in their practice. It helps people with musculoskeletal disorders and mental disorders. My hypothesis was confirmed that origami classes contribute to the development of creative abilities, fine motor skills, spatial thinking, and successful learning of mathematics.

Conclusion : origami

- teaches various techniques for working with paper;

- develops the ability to work with hands;

- teaches you to perform consistent actions;

- stimulates memory development;

- teaches you to concentrate;

- introduces in practice basic geometric concepts;

- develops spatial imagination, artistic taste and

Creative skills.

- develops confidence in one’s strengths and abilities;

Research

"Modular origami"

Subject: Technology

Completed by: Shayakhmetova Karina,

7th grade student

Head: Kozina R.V.

Circle “Miracles from paper”

2010-2011 academic year

§ 1. Opening the paper.
§ 2. The emergence of origami.
§ 3. The first books on origami.

§ 5. Paper compositions.

INTRODUCTION

The magician who invented colored paper
Red, yellow and blue,
I probably believed that the guys could
Make figures from different squares.
These figures are all over the world
Only Japanese children knew.
The white crane has become a symbol of peace,
The symbol of happiness is a paper boat.
Fairytale butterflies, pink hares
This can be done using your fingers.
I suggest trying with you
Learn the origami technique.
Every person has probably created the simplest product from a sheet at least once in his life. paper boat or an airplane. And in those days, when stores did not have such a selection of straw hats and panama hats, people in the summer often made themselves a “cap” from a newspaper. AND paper boats, and the cap are made according to the “origami” principle.

§ 2. The emergence of origami.

Origami is the traditional Japanese art of folding paper figures. “Ori” in Japanese means “fold”, “Kami” means paper. This is how origami got its name. However, this art did not originate in Japan. It originates in China and spread to Japan much later. In ancient times, paper was a very valuable commodity, and only wealthy people could afford it. This is how samurai wrapped gifts in a special paper envelope called “burden.” This was believed to bring good luck. Also during wedding celebrations, paper figures of butterflies were used to represent the bride and groom.

With the development of methods for obtaining paper, it became more accessible. Origami has become a popular art for everyone, no matter whether you are poor or rich. However, the Japanese have always been thrifty people and saved even small pieces of paper to fold origami figures from them.

For centuries, there were no written instructions for folding origami. The origami technique was passed down orally, from generation to generation. This art has become part of Japan's cultural heritage. And in 1797 the book “How to Fold 1000 Cranes” was published. It contained the first instructions on how to fold a crane figurine. The crane is a sacred bird in Japan; there is even a legend that a person who folds 1000 cranes will be granted his wish. Why crane? The whole world was shocked by the story of a sick Japanese girl who was a victim of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Her parents died, and the girl was between life and death. She thought that if she made 1000 origami cranes, it would help her wish to get well soon come true. She managed to make only 644 figures and died. This was in 1955. And then children from all over the world began to make cranes and send them to the Hiroshima Museum. The Japanese believe that if you give a sick person 1000 paper cranes, he will recover. And now in Japanese hospitals, bundles of cranes hang next to the patient’s bed, brought there by colleagues and relatives. I also believe that such support helps a sick person to recover faster, because when a person is cared for, he feels it and he becomes stronger.

In 1845, another book appeared, Midwinter's Window, which included a collection of 150 origami models. The frog diagram from this book is still widely known today. After the publication of these books, folding origami became a popular activity in Japan.

§ 3. The first books on origami.

The first Japanese publication on origami is considered to be the book “Semba-tsuru Orikata,” which was published in 1797. The translation of its title “how to fold a thousand cranes” clearly alludes to an ancient legend that claims that folding a thousand classic paper birds helps make wishes come true. The book is entirely devoted to folding one single model - a crane. The diversity of the 49 models included in it is based on different combinations of cranes with each other. For example, they can take the form of a garland in which the figures are connected by the tips of their wings or beaks. To fold such a design, blanks are made from strips or rectangles with incomplete cuts, which turn the blanks into sets of squares. The author of “Sembadzuru Orikata” is considered to be the abbot of the Rokan Temple. Also in 1797, he published the book “Chashingura Orikata,” which showed how to use paper folding and scissors to make the main characters of the then popular play “Chashingura” out of paper.

In 1845, the book “Kan-no-mado” was published in Japan, which in literary translation means “winter window”, or more precisely “mid-winter window”. It includes instructions, mostly verbal, on how to fold several dozen classic paper figures and graphic illustrations of finished models. Experts in the history of origami claim that it was in “Kan-no-mado” that the folding diagram of the basic “frog” shape and the figure itself on this basis was first printed. The appearance of this book during the Tokugawa period (1603 - 1867) is not accidental. It was this time that was characterized by the beginning of the “democratization” of origami - the transformation of this activity from a ritual and temple activity into a popular leisure activity. The title of the book points to origami as an activity with which you can pleasantly while away a long winter evening. But there is another interpretation of the name - as a hint at the light of modest knowledge that can be gleaned from it.

In 1879, the headmaster of a girls' school, Saki Nobuzou, made an origami book for his little students, containing instructions for folding 20 simple classical figures. In 1885, Okamoto Konseki published a book for children on origami, Orikata, which was later translated into English.

§ 4. Distribution of origami around the world.

A new stage in the development of origami began after the Second World War and is associated with the name of the famous Japanese master Akiro Yoshizawa. He was born in 1911 and played a unique role in the history of origami. With the help of the simple symbols he invented (see Appendix 1), it was possible to represent the process of folding any product in the form of a series of drawings. Akiro Yoshizawa invented hundreds of new, previously unknown figures. He not only proved that the art of folding can be proprietary, but also contributed to its widest dissemination. For several years, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent him on numerous trips to European countries because the traditional Japanese art he developed and supported became an international means of peace and friendship without words.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Japan opened its doors wide to the rest of the world, and Europeans began to get acquainted with classic figures made using the origami technique: a frog, a fish, a crane, an iris flower.

However, it would be completely unfair to say that Europe was completely unfamiliar with folding until this time. Spain can boast of its own, independent discovery of some figurines, for example the birds - “pajaritas”. This is the name of an ancient classical figurine that has become a symbol of origami in Spain. The famous origamist Vincente Palacios believes that many points indicate that this model first appeared in Toledo in the 12th century. If this assumption is correct, then, without a doubt, the pajarita is the first traditional folded European figurine (perhaps one of the first in the whole world).

The first paper mills mentioned in ancient European documents existed in Toledo already in the 12th century (they appeared in Italy a century later). The word “pajarita” itself (lit. - bird) in relation to figurines has two meanings in Spain - the name of a specific model, or in general any figurine folded from paper. The art of folding paper figurines is called in Spain “making pajaritas,” and the figurines themselves are called “various other pajaritas.” A drawing by Anton Van Der Wingerde, dated 1563, “Astrological square turning into a pajarita, with the city of Toledo in the background,” has been preserved.

And yet paper was a rare and expensive material. More often (in Europe) fabric was folded - collars (in costumes of the 16th-17th centuries), caps and other headdresses worn by sisters of mercy, nuns, and maids.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the German teacher, creator of the first kindergartens, Friedrich Froebel, first began to promote paper folding as a didactic method for explaining to children certain simple rules geometry. Perhaps it was thanks to him that schoolchildren from around the world are now familiar with a small set of “folklore” paper figures.
Japanese magicians, traveling around Europe, introduced the Western world to the art of origami. They were true masters of their craft and in a few seconds they could make a bird, insect, or animal out of paper for the amusement of numerous spectators.
And really, isn’t it a miracle: you can make anything you want without scissors and glue, without any improvised means, from a simple sheet of paper. Did you know that many famous people not only admired the art of origami, but also folded various paper figures with great pleasure. An origami enthusiast was Lewis Carroll, the author of “Alice in Wonderland” and “Alice Through the Looking Glass,” who taught mathematics at Oxford. Entries in Carroll's diary testify to the delight that gripped him when he learned to fold paper into a toy that made a loud bang when he waved it forcefully.
The Russian writer Leo Tolstoy also knew how to fold paper figures. In the draft for the article “What is Art,” he writes: “This winter, one mother taught me to make cockerels out of paper, folding and turning it inside out in a certain way, which, when you pull them by the tail, flap their wings. This invention is from Japan. I made these cockerels for children many times, and not only the children, but always all the big ones present, who did not know these cockerels, both the gentlemen and the servants, were amused and became close to these cockerels, everyone was surprised and happy: how similar to birds these cockerels flap their wings. The one who invented this cockerel rejoiced from the bottom of his heart that he managed to make the likeness of a bird, and this feeling is transmitted, and therefore, strange as it may be to say, the work of such a cockerel is real art.”

Modular origami gained popularity in 1993, when a ship carrying illegal Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States. The poor fellows ended up in prison and, to pass the time, they collected paper models - fortunately, paper can be obtained even in prison. And, thanks to this, the world learned about this folding method. At first there was an opinion that this was absolutely new technology folding, which was invented by the prisoners themselves. But later it turned out that this technique has long been popular in China.

§ 5. Paper compositions.

Folding paper flowers is a fun activity. And making compositions from flowers is a real creativity, where everything depends on the taste and imagination of the artist. Flowers and leaves can be added to them according to the drawings. Such a composition conveys the mood, perception of the world, and soul. The art of origami is a mystery, and it attracts everyone with incredible transformations. It's not even a trick, it's a miracle! There are many images hidden in a piece of paper.
Today, many people all over the world are interested in the art of origami. There are few diagrams for Chinese modular origami - much more often models are folded simply from photographs, or they come up with their own. Thus, we can say that this technique contains a significant element of creativity.
Features of this technique: the use of a fairly simple triangular module, a typical method of connecting modules (modules are connected by inserting them into each other, the friction force that appears prevents the structure from falling apart.), very a large number of modules, which makes it easier to create large models with complex structures.
A Japanese proverb says:
Tell me - I will hear
Show me - I'll remember
Let me do it myself -
I will understand!
Now I suggest you create one module together. For this we need a rectangular sheet of paper. Typically A4 size paper is used. You can make it from a single sheet, for example, like this swan, or you can divide it into 4 parts - this is an owl. We made a peacock, a chick, and so on from eight parts.


  1. Fold a rectangular piece of paper in half lengthwise.

  2. Bend across to mark the middle line and straighten. Place the angle up.

  3. Fold the edges towards the middle.

  4. Turn it over.

  5. Fold the bottom up.

  6. Fold the corners over the large triangle.

  7. Unfold the corners and bottom.

  8. Fold the corners again along the marked lines and lift the bottom up.

  9. Fold in half.
The resulting module has two lower corners and two pockets. Such modules can be inserted into each other in various ways.

Conclusion

Origami is both a children's game, a design element, and an integral attribute of folk holidays in many countries around the world. It has won a huge number of fans in Russia, and for good reason:


  • The figures are based on a simple module; children, adults, and pensioners can put it together;

  • Almost any paper at hand is suitable for the modules, even sheets from old magazines;

  • The modules can be folded anywhere - at home, in transport, while watching a movie;

  • Modules can be used to create models of any complexity and size - from the simplest to the complex and labor-intensive; (Our idea is to assemble St. Basil’s Cathedral, a photo of which we found on the Internet);

  • Helps to communicate more with friends, since large crafts are much easier to do in a group;

  • This type of creativity wonderfully brings the whole family together, since everyone contributes to the creation of beauty.
But still, origami, first of all, is an art designed to give people joy.

Kilina Anastasia and Gavrilova Tatyana 5th grade

This topic is relevant because In the conditions of modernization of Russian education, the task of improving the quality of education has been set. Solving this problem at the initial stage schooling requires the search and implementation of new approaches and organization educational process in order to improve the quality of knowledge, skills and abilities of primary school students. Development of cognitive processes (memory, attention, speech, thinking), creative abilities.

Goal of the work: identify where origami occurs in life.

Tasks:

  • during the analysis of theoretical material and literature on this topic, try to identify areas where origami is used and find out whether there are new origami techniques;
  • make your own products using various techniques origami.

With the transition to the new Federal State Educational Standards, we must educate a comprehensively developed personality. And what should we use to achieve this? What should you do with your child to achieve good results in learning? Is it possible to develop a well-rounded personality by doing simple origami? This question prompted research work.

As a result of the work carried out, the hypothesis put forward in our study was confirmed; origami is indeed a common form of creativity and is constantly evolving.

This work is important; if you try to organize an origami club or elective at school, the quality of education will significantly improve (since by practicing the origami technique, all psychological abilities are developed). And since origami is a common form of creativity, the student will also be a well-developed personality.

Download:

Preview:

Introduction 4 pages

1. History of origami 7 pages.

2. Techniques and types of origami 9 pages.

3. Origami in modern world 11 pages

3.1. Origami in pedagogy 11 pages.

3.2. Origami in psychology 12 pages.

3.3. Origami and holidays 14 pages.

3.4. Origami and fashion 15 pages.

Conclusion 16 pages

List of used literature 17 pages.

INTRODUCTION

Everyone is interested in school

We like to study

But about one wonderful activity

We will tell you now.

Origami, origami,

We can make things ourselves:

And a flashlight and a firecracker,

And a mysterious flower.

Origami, origami,

We can make things ourselves:

And the dragon and the frog,

And a mysterious flower

What is this origami?

It's high time to tell.

This is a paper fantasy world,

This is a fairy tale, a trick, and a game.

We Europeans are accustomed to the fact that any construction set consists of a certain set of parts that can be connected to create a variety of designs. The theory of invention (TRIZ) states that an ideal construction set should consist of one part, with the help of which an infinite variety of shapes can be created. It turns out that such a constructor exists. This is origami, where thousands and thousands of different figures are formed from one piece (sheet)!

Origami is the original Japanese art of creating models of various objects, animals, birds, flowers by bending a sheet of paper. Nobody knows exactly who and when invented this fascinating Japanese game, called “ORIGAMI” all over the world. Many generations of Japanese have contributed to origami, passing on the ability to fold a flat sheet into a wonderful figure. Since ancient times, origami has played a different role in the life of the Japanese. Paper figurines accompanied ritual processions in Shinto shrines, graceful butterflies decorated the wedding table, samurai entertained ladies at medieval balls by folding simple figurines, caring relatives hung magical paper balls over the bed of a sick person to drive out evil spirits. From generation to generation, the ancient art was improved, selecting the most elegant, most expressive figures for posterity.

Relevance. Simple folding techniques and the boundless imagination of people can create an entire world using origami. The world is special, joyful, cheerful, kind and unlike anything else. The art of origami is open to the whole world. It is picked up by Parisian fashion designers, American designers, and six-year-old children. Everyone finds something different in origami.

Nowadays, at no extra cost, you can make many original souvenirs, postcards, hairpins, etc. from paper for any holiday. You can beautifully roll a towel, napkin, or even a roll of toilet paper.

Many groups of origami artists have appeared on the Internet - these are classmates on the site (participants share their works or master classes) and simply sites on origami. A wonderful website “Country of Masters”, which presents more than 10,000 works on origami techniques: modular origami, quilling, kirik, etc.

Every year we make New Year's toys at school - these are balls, snowflakes, chains, etc. At home, when setting the table, we try to fold napkins beautifully. And the question arose in my head, where else can the origami method be used? And does this method of paper folding continue to develop, or is this art passed down from generation to generation?

These questions prompted us to conduct research on this topic.

Target: identify where origami occurs in life.

Research hypothesisis built on the assumption that origami is a fairly common form of creativity and has further development.

Research objectivesThe resulting goals and problems are as follows:

  1. during the analysis of theoretical material and literature on this topic, try to identify areas where origami is used and find out whether there are new origami techniques;
  2. make your own products using various origami techniques.

To solve the problems and test the hypothesis, the following methods were used:

1. Analysis of literature on the research problem.

2. Making products using the origami method.

Research stages:

The first stage (October 2010) analysis of scientific publications on the problem. Definition of hypothesis and research methods. Mastering the basic forms of modular origami.

Second stage (December - January 2010 - 2011) - production simple products modular origami (“Swan”)

The third stage (February - March 2011) – production of complex modular origami products (“Dolphin”)

The fourth stage (April - May 2011) – Mastering modular mosaics and producing work. Formatting the work (draft version) and compiling a bibliographic list.

Fifth stage (October - November 2011) - - work with literature on this topic (Internet resources), manufacturing products using modular origami techniques with a reduction in the module “Snake - Gorynych” and “Snake”

The sixth stage (December - January 2011-2012) mastering the quilling technique, making basic forms. And making crafts using the quilling technique.

Seventh stage (January – February 2012) – Registration of work.

1. HISTORY OF ORIGAMI

Origami ( Japanese折り紙, lit.: "folded paper") - the ancient art of folding figures frompaper. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was invented.

Origami was originally used in religious rituals. For a long time, this type of art was available only to representatives of the upper classes, where good manners had mastery of paper folding techniques. Only after the Second World War did origami go beyondEast and got into America And Europe, where it immediately found its fans.

In fact, the origins of origami should be sought in India and Southern China, but this beautiful and amazing flower blossomed in Japan. And you have to be Japanese to understand the plasticity of Eastern thinking and consciousness, which turned an element of a temple ritual into secular entertainment. The first origami schemes can be attributed to the very temple period of the existence of origami. But classic origami patterns were born at the end of the 16th century, already in the secular period. Even in our time, origami patterns can be divided into classic and original (author's is, so to speak, a more advanced level.). But the classic origami patterns have reached us, having survived several centuries, and this despite the fact that for the time being the folding stages were not written down anywhere, all skills were passed on from generation to generation. And only because of this, only the most simple circuits origami. A little later, the origami alphabet appeared, and the basic forms were systematized. And only at the beginning of the 20th century the first origami patterns managed to fly, swim and jump over the oceans and... conquer Europe.

The discoverer of origami is considered to be a humble worker from one of the Japanese defense factories who invented a universal way of recording folding. The Japanese's name was Akira Yoshizawa. And the method he invented became as universal a language as musical notation. Why is origami not music performed with the fingers using a sheet of paper?

Yoshizawa traveled around the world teaching the basics of origami and serving as an ambassador for Japanese culture. Hundreds and thousands of new images appeared based on traditional folding patterns and techniques.

Origami became a significant part of Japanese ceremonies earlyHeian period. Samurai exchanged gifts decorated withwear, a kind of symbols of good luck, folded from paper ribbons. Paper folded butterflies were used during celebrationsShinto weddingsand introduced the bride and groom.

Every Japanese person and everyone who has taken up origami knows the story of Sadako, the girl from Hiroshima who made paper cranes, believing that it would save her from radiation sickness. Someone told her that if she made a thousand cranes, she would get better. Sadako soon realized that she would not get better, she would die. And then she began to give her cranes to other sick people - each crane that little Sadako folded was a prayer: a prayer for the salvation of a person and a prayer for peace. In the East, the crane has long symbolized life and hope - the story of twelve-year-old Sadako turned the crane figurine into a symbol.

Origami came to Rus' much later. In the 19th century One of the first who learned to bend various figures from a sheet of paper were the children of Tsar Nicholas II. And the story of this acquaintance was as follows. In 1908, a young philologist and Cambridge graduate, Charles Sidney Gibbs, was invited to the court in St. Petersburg to teach English to young princesses. In 1914, a very young prince joined the lessons. In order to gain the child’s trust, Gibbs resorted to a well-tested technique: he began to fold different figures out of paper in front of the boy’s eyes. In a very short time, despite the difference in age, the student and teacher became true friends, and English lessons turned from tedious activities into a fun pastime!

Around the same time, origami came to France. It was brought here by traveling magicians. They entertained the inhabitants of the country by making intricate paper figures of animals, birds or people right before their eyes. Moreover, these figures came to life during the performance. And at the end of the act, the circus performers dismantled the figure, again turning it into a flat sheet of paper.

Historians say that many known to the world people were doing origami seriously. These include the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.

But the European Robert Harbin was a magician and gained a lot of experience in the field of origami. He decided to take advantage of this to earn his living. One day he realized that origami could be a very profitable business, no worse than cinema or the circus. He combined these types of art and organized his own origami theater. In the middle of the 20th century. he offered television his own program, which he called “Mr. Left and Right Hand.” Having accumulated a wealth of experience in origami, ten years later he published his first book.

In the old days, origami was not only an art, but also a science that taught precision and patience.

2. TECHNIQUES AND TYPES OF ORIGAMI

The ancient Japanese, when creating the first products from paper sheets, also came up with the origami technique. This traditional knowledge was passed on from generation to generation, from country to country, from one city to another. Over the many centuries of existence of this ancient art form, much has been lost, some have undergone changes, and new things have appeared. But ancient traditions are generally preserved. Origami was and remains a technique of working with a whole sheet of paper.

The traditional, classic method of origami is rightfully considered to be working with a square taken as a basis. Any figure is made from a larger or smaller square by bending, excluding any cuts or gluing. Specific chain interconversions of the original square sheet from the beginning of the work to its complete completion - this isThere is a technique for doing origami.

Teaching the art of origami must begin not only with individual elements of products, but also with the “origami school” - with basic forms . You should know well the basic basic shapes of products, which will allow you to understand the outlines and nature of the item being manufactured, and when creating your own products, choose the most suitable option bases.

One important classical approach to origami design is the concept of a base. Base – a simple folded shape that can be developed into many different figures.

When practicing the technique of folding various elements of origami products, you should pay attention to Special attention for correct folding. They should be practically “sharp” and the layers of paper in them should fit tightly to each other. Otherwise, when folds are placed on top of each other in subsequent operations, the elements shift and it is impossible to create a beautiful, neat product. Therefore, after completing each individual stage of work, you need to check the “sharpness” of all bends.

When practicing folds to create a head, beak, paw, tail, you should pay attention to what part of an animal or bird is similar to what happened during folding. It is important to know the features of their structure in life, to understand the possibilities of stylization. This will help you make products according to patterns, as well as improve them and develop your own models.

When practicing the technique of folding symmetrical bends (making legs, beak, flower elements), the folded sides should not be tightly joined to each other, since during subsequent operations they can overlap each other and spoil appearance products. In case of serious mistakes of this kind, it is sometimes simply impossible to fold the product.

There are several types of origami known in Japan. They arose at different times, which was determined not only by different technologies for manufacturing similar products, but also by the appearance of colored paper, as well as the purpose of making a particular item.

Over time, masters began to appear who were not satisfied with the framework traditional form origami. They were looking for new basic forms to make their products. They used not only a square sheet, but also a rectangle, a rhombus, pentagons and hexagons, a circle, and a triangle. This expanded the capabilities of origami and made it possible to create products that could not be made from a square sheet. Kosho Ushiyawo said: “Origami is a world in which everyone who can depict things from a single sheet of paper experiences the joy of the creator.” Products have become more personal, more creative and varied.

One of the popular varieties of origami is modular origami, in which a whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other, resulting in a forcefrictionprevents the structure from falling apart. One of the most common objects in modular origami iskusudama, a spherical volumetric body. .

Kusudama ( Japanese 薬玉 , lit. "medicine ball") -papera model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylizedflowers, folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained. Alternatively, the individual components can be glued together. Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached to the bottom. In ancient Japan, kusudama was used for healing infusions and incense. And in our time, they have not lost their traditional purpose - to bring health to people. It is believed that such a ball, if hung above the patient’s bed, will promote recovery.

By the way, they are made not only from square leaves, as is commonly believed. There are figures based on rectangular and even triangular sheets of paper. And using scissors in the process of creating a figure is not a crime at all. This is also origami, and the technique is called"Kirikomi". .

Classic origami requires the use of one square, evenly colored sheet of paper without glue or scissors. Modern forms arts sometimes deviate from this canon.

Rolling paper (also quilling English quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow stripes paper.

Flowers and patterns are created from paper spirals, which are then usually used to decorate cards, albums, gift packaging, photo frames. Art came to Russia from Korea. It is also popular as a hobby in Germany, England and America. It's simple and very beautiful view handicrafts that do not require large expenditures. Products made from paper ribbons can also be used as wall decorations or even costume jewelry.

3. ORIGAMI IN THE MODERN WORLD

Today, origami is experiencing another wave of interest. Almost all over the world this art is developing in accordance with the traditions of the people.

The short journey to creating an origami figure is especially important for those who are eager to get quick results. After all, just a few minutes after you start working, you are holding the finished figurine in your hands. Moreover, the creative process is not limited to folding. After all, you can play with the finished figurine, present it as a gift to a friend, and even organize a performance for children with paper dolls - heroes of fairy tales. Creating an origami figure is like a miracle. Just now he had a piece of paper in his hands. A few turns... And the bird begins to flap its wings! Or a horse galloping on the table!

3.1. ORIGAMI IN PEDAGOGY

We are connected with paper from our very first days to the end of our lives. Today, kids encounter sheets of this material much earlier than they begin to learn to write or read. The child tears and crumples it, trying to give the sheet a certain desired shape. This material is accessible and cheap, so you can trust it to children without fear. Another convenience of such activities for a child is that the paper can easily be deformed. And after classes, it keeps the given shape well and for a long time. This is used today in many educational and developmental methods.

Origami develops the ability to work with hands under the control of consciousness, fine motor skills of the hands, precise finger movements are improved, and the eye develops.

Origami promotes concentration, as it forces you to focus on the manufacturing process in order to get the desired result.

Origami is of great importance in the development of constructive thinking, creative imagination, and artistic taste.

Origami also stimulates the development of memory, since in order to make a craft, you need to remember the sequence of its manufacture, techniques and folding methods.

Origami introduces basic geometric concepts (angle, side, square, triangle, etc.), while at the same time enriching the vocabulary with special terms.

Origami improves work skills and creates a work culture.

Origami helps create play situations. By folding animal masks out of paper, you can join in a dramatization game based on a familiar fairy tale; they become fairy-tale characters, take a trip to the world of flowers, etc.

Many schools in St. Petersburg teach origami in primary grades. According to the famous Russian popularizer of origami S.A. Afonkina, classes can be held in grades 1-4 instead of labor lessons, origami lessons can be included in the schedule hours educational institution as a permanent item. Origami can be made an optional subject or taught in after-school groups or clubs.

Origami can be used very productively in the learning process. With its help, students will quickly master mathematics (especially its section - geometry, since the concept of geometric figures underlies all methods). Paper techniques will help you understand other exact sciences, the basics of architecture and other arts.

By turning to origami, all teachers can find in it the necessary psychological and developmental aspects that are not always easy to find in ordinary classical education. Classes in this type of art significantly improve children's coordination, logic, constructive and artistic thinking.

3.2. ORIGAMI IN PSYCHOLOGY

Nowadays, origami is successfully used in medical and rehabilitation practice by doctors of various specializations. The materials of the “First International Conference “Origami in Pedagogy and Psychology” note the positive impact of origami classes in working with people with disabilities of hearing, vision, musculoskeletal system, patients in psychiatric hospitals, deaf-mute, cancer patients, as well as social rehabilitation of drug addicts, alcoholics and prisoners. Numerous studies indicate that origami classes improve the quality of life of patients, reduce the level of anxiety, help to forget pain and grief, increase self-esteem, promote friendship, mutual assistance in a team, and help establish contact between the doctor and the patient.

What is the secret of using origami in rehabilitation work adult and children's departments of hospitals, sanatoriums, etc.? While practicing origami, the patient becomes a participant in an exciting action - transforming a paper square into an original figurine - a flower, a box, a butterfly, a dinosaur, etc. This process resembles a trick, a small performance, which always causes joyful surprise. By sequentially simple folding of paper along geometric lines, we obtain a model that amazes with its beauty and changes the emotional state of the patient for the better. There is a desire to show someone this miracle, to add something else. The feeling of isolation disappears, communication is improved, including between the doctor and the patient, which is especially important if the patient is a child. There are cases when children, in a state of fear and anxiety, refuse to take food or medicine. Then a doll in the hands of a psychologist comes to the rescue and the impossible becomes possible. Origami serves as the same “magic wand”. But not every hospital has a specialist in puppet therapy, while folding using the origami technique is accessible to almost everyone, and paper is always at hand. There are examples of the successful use of origami even in cases of autism. It is known that the son of Nicholas II, Alexei, was a sickly and withdrawn child with symptoms of autism. A teacher from England, with the help of origami classes, not only managed to get the boy talking, but also increased his interest in English language. Here is another example with an adult: the therapist is trying to attract the patient’s attention by flipping through a colorful illustrated magazine in front of him. The patient is indifferent. Then the doctor tears out a page from the magazine, folds it into an origami figure, and the patient begins to show interest in what he sees—contact has been established. The effect is enhanced if you use movable origami figures, such as a jumping frog, a croaking crow, a crane flapping its wings, etc. Such paper toys are interesting for both adults and children, especially if they are folded with my own hands. With them, in a hospital setting, you can organize competitive games for children. And for those who have limited mobility, finger puppet theater and origami fairy tales, various paper puzzles will be available and will lift their spirits - all this will bring new bright colors into the gray reality of the patient’s hospital life. Doctors from around the world, where origami has been used for more than 20 years, claim that these activities significantly improve the emotional state of patients, relieve depression, increase self-confidence, promote the establishment of friendly contacts, which generally improves the psychological state of patients and makes treatment more effective . The uniqueness of the influence of origami also lies in the fact that a person, even in conditions of complete isolation, has the opportunity to conduct a dialogue with himself, with his intellect. It brings great pleasure.

Here is an interesting case of psychological rehabilitation of a child, one of their students, pupil orphanage, who was in a sanatorium. Few people were interested in him until he folded kusudama from ordinary notebook sheets. At first, the children from the ward where the boy was, then the sanatorium staff became interested in her, and finally, the rumor reached the director himself. He invited the guy to his place and asked if it was true that he himself folded this amazing thing. The guy replied that this was so, and at the director’s request, he folded another kusudama. A previously unknown boy from an orphanage became a hero, the center of attention of everyone who was in the sanatorium. This incident will be remembered for a lifetime, it will give the child confidence in his abilities, increase self-esteem and improve the emotional state of the little patient. There are other examples of social rehabilitation of children doing origami. A 4th grade student in one of the Kyiv schools, thanks to his passion for origami, not only overcame shyness caused by illness (impaired speech), but also became the leader of a group of children whom he taught this art.

There are many reasons for the success of origami classes in psychology and organizing leisure time for patients in hospitals and rehabilitation centers:

  1. firstly, it is the paper itself with its familiar, non-aggressive status. You can do whatever you want with paper: crumple it, tear it, draw on it, and in origami paper plays a new unusual role - you can use it to fold many interesting models. Motivation appears, the desire to learn this;
  2. mastering the origami technique is very easy, at any age, both for children and adults (in a hospital setting, teachers can be psychologists, parents, and medical personnel);
  3. the result is achieved quickly;
  4. there is a predictable positive result - if you fold the figurine carefully and accurately, it will definitely turn out beautiful, and the guarantee of this is the very nature of this design technique, where accuracy, symmetry and harmony of geometric lines reign;
  5. the barrier between doctor and patient is eliminated, an atmosphere of trust arises;
  6. during origami classes, non-verbal contact in communication is carried out, which in some cases is the only possible;
  7. origami combines the techniques and forms of work of some other psychological areas: fairy tale therapy (origami fairy tales), game therapy (games with movable figures), therapy through drama and puppet therapy (acting out scenes with origami dolls, masks, etc.), therapy through music, choral singing with its inherent harmony and rhythmic movements (which also occurs when folding using the origami technique and gives a therapeutic effect), color therapy (multi-colored paper is used);
  8. the repetition method and rhythm in folding modular origami (stars, ornaments, “3-D” models) balance a person’s mental state.

3.3. ORIGAMI AND HOLIDAYS

Origami is actively used in the entertainment and holiday industries. It is worth remembering only the traditions of celebrating the New Year in many countries. It is during this period of the year that origami comes to life with new vigor every time. Paper figures suddenly fill everything around and bring a feeling of celebration to homes and city streets.

Origami is often used to decorate the Christmas tree, which can not only significantly reduce the cost of the celebration, but also keep restless children busy with an interesting and exciting activity.

In many cities, it has become a tradition to place a New Year tree in a huge pavilion, which is decorated exclusively with origami figures that are brought for it from all over the world. This tree becomes the “tree of peace” during the period New Year holidays. This tree becomes a symbol of the unification of peoples, peace and the fact that the entire population of the globe, united, is free to perform a miracle.

Not only toys, but also Christmas trees themselves are now made from paper. Not so long ago in the USA, with the support of environmental societies, unusual - entirely paper - Christmas trees were created. The initiative of the American “greens” was picked up by their European colleagues. And now origami Christmas trees can be found all over the world. The largest of them was created in 1993 in the Netherlands. In the city of Eindoven, a 15-meter paper wall was installed in the central pavilion. Christmas tree. The tree was decorated with an innumerable variety of colorful paper toys.

But still New Year did not remain the only origami holiday. In the USA, the state of North Carolina hosts an annual week-long origami festival. For the first time, the initiator of this action was the very famous American showman and producer Jonathan Baxter. In his hometown of Charlotte, he annually stages a performance in which all the roles are given to paper.

The local population is always involved in the celebration. Children and adults fold a lot of paper figures and decorate buildings, halls, streets, and their own homes with them. Every year, Baxter gives his town an amazing paper surprise. This was once an airport completely decorated with origami techniques. And one year, in the main hall of the city, a full-size skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex, made entirely of paper, was exhibited.

Origami figures can be a wonderful decoration festive table(you can make models from starched napkins). Or you can use simple paper ones.

3.4. ORIGAMI AND FASHION

Every day we come across news and innovations in the fashion world. We still never cease to be amazed by the imagination, creativity and unconventional approach of designers in developing and creating sometimes unimaginable silhouettes and shapes using conventional or innovative materials. This is the umpteenth time interesting decorations from the work of Cindy Nog, born in Hong Kong, raised in San Francisco and now working in New York. This girl is another clear example of how a favorite activity can bring not only pleasure, but also profit.
Cindy was inspired by origami to create her jewelry. Pendants and earring elements are made from one sheet of pure silver, sometimes with the addition of gold, in the same way as origami is rolled from a sheet of paper. And it’s clear what it is handmade author.

You can also make using the quilling technique original jewelry in the form of hair clips.

CONCLUSION

As a result of our research, we came to the following conclusions.

Having mastered the basics of origami, you can apply its reflections in such areas of life as table setting, gift wrapping, making souvenirs, New Year's toys, holiday cards, jewelry, etc.

With the help of origami, you can develop your psychological abilities - memory, attention, imagination and even speech. After all, fine motor skills (working with the fingers) activates the work of the left hemisphere, which is responsible for the function of speech. It’s not for nothing that origami is used in working with children, psychologically ill people, alcoholics, drug addicts, prisoners, in order to get into contact and gain trust.

Now the origami technique is used in development centers (children's development centers), in schools as electives or even as a separate subject. Origami is developing, origami societies have been created in many countries, and on the Internet you can find many sites dedicated to origami techniques. People in whose lives origami plays an important role; Every year exhibitions and conferences are held, and more and more people learn about this wonderful activity.

Summing up the results of our work, we are convinced that origami is really all around us. This type of creativity can be seen in many areas of our lives.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  1. Sergeantova T.B. 100 festive origami models. M, "Iris Press", 2006.
  2. Sergeantova T.B. 366 origami models. M, "Iris Press", 2005.
  3. Afonkin S.Yu., Afonkina E.Yu. All about origami. Directory. St. Petersburg: “Crystal”, M: “Onyx”, 2005.
  4. Afonkin S.Yu., Afonkina E.Yu. Kusudama are magic balls. M, "Akim", 1997.
  5. Pudova V.P., Lezhneva L.V. Legends about flowers. Supplement to the magazine "Origami", M, "Akim", 1998.
  6. http://all-origami.ru/
  7. http://samodelki.com.ua/node/1556
  8. http://www.origami-school.narod.ru/page_03.htm
  9. http://stranamasterov.ru/technics

The text of the work is posted without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Work Files" tab in PDF format

Introduction

I became interested in the art of origami two years ago. Initially, my mother and I folded simple paper shapes, then the shapes became more complex. Of course, it was not training, but a game - magical transformation a simple leaf into a toy. Origami is an ideal construction set that consists of one part (sheet), with the help of which an endless variety of shapes are created, thousands and thousands of different figures are folded.

Relevance.

Origami is an amazing art of paper plasticity. Today, many people all over the world are interested in the art of origami. Paper figures are made by both adults and children, artists and designers. I noticed that while folding origami figures, I was confronted with mathematical concepts. I became interested in how the mysterious art of folding origami paper figures and mathematics, which has long interested me, are connected.

Goal of the work. Expanding knowledge about the history of the development of origami, finding out how mathematics is manifested in origami.

Tasks.

    Study the concept, history of origin, types of origami;

    Explore the connection between mathematics and origami using the example of modular origami;

    Teach classmates to create various figures using the modular origami technique and interest them in this work;

    Develop a booklet for classmates describing the sequence of making a peacock figure using the “Modular Origami” technique.

An object.

Origami in mathematics.

Subject of study.

Modular origami.

In the process of making origami figures, I discovered an amazing phenomenon: a three-dimensional figure appears from a flat sheet of paper. If you unfold the origami figure and look at the folds, you can see many polygons. And here I came across mathematical concepts and thought that with the help of origami, I could show that mathematics is not a boring science, but beauty and harmony.

This is how it appeared hypothesis: the art of origami is closely related to mathematics and can be a good basis for its study.

Research methods.

Search and analysis of information on the Internet, library, practical work, description, generalization, photography.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part.

1.1. History of origami

Getting acquainted with origami should begin with ancient history. It was there, in Ancient China, in 105 AD, that the first prerequisites for the emergence of origami appeared - the art of folding any figures from a square sheet of paper without the use of scissors and glue.

The first pieces of paper, folded into unusual figures, first appear in monasteries. Paper figures had a symbolic meaning. They became participants in religious ceremonies. They decorated the walls of temples.

Over time, origami became a court art. Only a select few could do it, since paper was a rare and very expensive material. The Japanese used paper figures to convey one or another message to another person. For example, notes folded in the shape of a butterfly, crane or flower were a symbol of friendship and good wishes. Only a person skilled in the art of origami can carefully unfold and read a message that is not intended for prying eyes. The ability to add has become one of the signs of good education and refined manners. Various noble families used origami figures as a coat of arms and seal. Further, paper ceases to be a luxury item, and origami begins to spread among the common people. It was then, three hundred to four hundred years ago, that a number of figures were invented that were destined to become classics. Among them is the Japanese crane “tsuru” - a traditional Japanese symbol of happiness and longevity, and now an international symbol of freedom and peace.

However, the real revolutionary development of origami began only after World War II, mainly thanks to the efforts of the now internationally recognized master Akira Yoshizawa. Akiro Yoshizawa worked at a machine-building factory, where, in addition to his main job, he was tasked with teaching newcomers how to read blueprints. At the same time, he began to actively use origami, explaining the basics of folding geometric concepts. These classes were a success and aroused genuine interest. He invented hundreds of new, previously unknown figures. He not only proved that the art of folding could be widely applied in practice, but also contributed to its spread. With the help of the simple symbols he invented, it was possible to represent the process of folding any product in the form of a series of drawings - drawings.

A new turn in the history of origami is closely connected with the terrible tragedy that occurred on August 6, 1945, when an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. The consequences of the monstrous experiment were terrible. Anyone who has taken up origami knows the story of Sadako, a girl from Hiroshima who made cranes, believing that it would save her from radiation sickness. Someone told her that if she made 1000 cranes, she would get better. Sadako soon realized that she would not get better, she would die. And then she began to give cranes to other patients. Every crane that Sadako made was a prayer, a prayer for the salvation of a person. The girl managed to fold 644 figures and died. Her friends finished the rest of the cranes. The sad story of a Japanese girl has raised a wave of children's solidarity around the world. Japan began to receive millions of parcels from all continents of our planet with priceless cargo - paper cranes. This is how the “1000 Cranes” movement arose. This movement sparked interest in Japanese art origami.

The art of origami in Japan has become a tradition that is passed down from generation to generation. Historians say that by the manner of folding and the set of figures, one can determine the province of Japan in which the girl grew up and studied.

In Europe, at the beginning of the 19th century, the German teacher, creator of the first kindergartens, Friedrich Froebel, first began to promote paper folding as a didactic method for explaining to children some simple rules of geometry. Perhaps it was thanks to him that schoolchildren from around the world are now familiar with a small set of “folklore” paper figures. At the moment, origami has truly become international art. Now origami centers are open in 26 countries of the planet. Origami is developing, origami societies have been created in many countries, and exhibitions and conferences are held every year.

Thus, we can conclude that origami appeared a very long time ago and at different times, in different countries used for various purposes: decorating temple walls, sending messages, teaching, games. Currently, origami has conquered the whole world. Every year, more and more people are involved in this art.

1.2. Types of origami

There are five main types of origami: simple origami, sweep folding, wet folding, modular origami and kirigami. Simple origami

Simple origami is a style of origami invented by British origami artist John Smith. This style is limited to using only folds, like the fold between a mountain and a valley. The purpose of origami is to make it easier for inexperienced origami artists, as well as people with limited motor skills. (Appendix 1, Fig. 1)

Flat folding

Scan (English creasepattern; fold pattern) is one of the types of origami diagrams, which is a drawing that shows all the folds of the finished model. Folding by development is more complicated than folding according to the traditional pattern, but it is rightfully considered the most accurate and practical, because it is a diagram that is printed on a sheet and which the origamist uses before folding. And the lines that are shown in the diagram are nothing more than future folds, from which the final figure will subsequently be formed. (Appendix 2, Fig.2)

Wet folding

Wet folding is a folding technique developed by Akira Yoshizawa that uses paper moistened with water to give figures smooth lines, expressiveness, and rigidity. This method is especially relevant for such non-geometric objects as figures of animals and flowers - in this case they look much more natural and closer to the original. (Appendix 2, Fig.3)

Modular origami

This fascinating technique is the creation of three-dimensional figures from modules. (Appendix 3, Fig.4)

The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.

Using this technique, you can create entire paper sculptures, as well as various useful items that can be used in everyday life and given as a gift: boxes, stands for small items, caskets, vases.

One of the most common objects in modular origami is kusudama, a spherical volumetric body. (Appendix 4, Fig.5)

Kirigami

Kirigami is a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and cutting paper in the process of making the model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: (kiru) - cut, (kami) - paper.

Most people remember making paper snowflakes as a child. And adults unwrap paper snowflakes with admiration and surprise, and besides, it is almost impossible to make the same sample twice. In addition to snowflakes, you can cut out various flowers, cobwebs and other decorative elements. So these paper Snowflakes and decorations are the first steps in learning the Kirigami technique. (Appendix 4, Fig.6)

Thus, we can conclude that there are several types of origami, each of which is interesting in its own way.

1.3. Origami is mathematics

Many people believe that origami is a game with which people create various shapes, but a lot of things in origami are related to mathematics and geometry.

In the process of folding origami figures, we learn to easily navigate in space and on a sheet of paper, divide the whole into parts, find the vertical, diagonal, and learn much more that relates to mathematics and geometry.

The American teacher F. Froebel proposed studying the basics of geometry not with the help of a ruler, compass and some concepts, but using the example of figures of folding paper. He actively introduced origami into the pedagogical process.

Origami promotes activity in both the left and right hemispheres of the brain, as it requires simultaneous control of the movements of both hands. In mathematics classes, using origami, you can repeat the following concepts:

Horizontal, vertical, oblique lines;

Fold the square in different ways, show adjacent sides, diagonal;

Squares;

All types of triangles (Appendix 5, Fig. 7).

While studying geometry using origami, we become familiar with the basic geometric shapes (triangle, rectangle, square, rhombus, quadrilateral), concepts (side, angle, vertex of an angle, diagonal, center of the figure), their properties and learn the basics of origami technique.

Working with diagrams and the process of folding planar figures are aimed at developing perception, which is associated with various thinking operations.

According to origami designer Azuma Hideaki, if you unfold an origami figure and look at the folds, you will only see an abundance of polygons connected to each other. When folded, origami is a polyhedron, a figure with many flat surfaces, and when the figure is expanded and all the folds are shown, we can see many geometric shapes.

In origami mathematics, it is the precise location of one or more points on the sheet that define the folds needed to form the final object. I analyzed the basic forms of origami (Appendix 6, Fig. 8) and noticed that already at the first acquaintance with this art, children learn about such simple geometric shapes as a rectangle and a triangle. The folding process itself involves performing a sequence of precisely defined actions according to the following rules, which echo the laws of mathematics:

Accuracy of instructions;

Points are defined by the intersections of lines;

The line is determined either by the edge of the sheet or by the fold line of the paper;

All lines are straight and are divided into two types: parallel and perpendicular.

Thus, mathematics is one of the aspects of origami and, conversely, origami is one of the guiding principles of mathematics.

Chapter 2. Practical part.

2.1. Questionnaire

In order to find out whether they have an idea about origami and whether they know that origami is connected with mathematics, a survey was conducted among students in grade 2 “G” on the topic: “Origami” (Appendix 7). The number of respondents was 28 people. During the survey, we found out that 80% of the children know what origami is, 20% do not know.

50% of respondents believe that origami contributes to the development of interest in a person, 18% - fine motor skills, 12% - intelligence, 20% - find it difficult to answer. (Appendix 7).

100% of the children believe that origami techniques can be used in labor lessons.

60% of children do not know how to create figures using the origami technique, 40% do.

The guys in our class expressed 100% desire to learn how to create origami figures.

Thus, we can conclude that my classmates have an idea of ​​what origami is, but they believe that origami can only be used in technology lessons.

2.2. Master class “Origami is exciting”

Based on the results of the first survey, and in order to introduce classmates to the variety of origami, and to make sure with them that origami is connected with mathematics, in the class we (with the class teacher) held a master class called “Origami is exciting” , which showed the stages of the technology for creating modular origami, and also examined the development of the module from the point of view of mathematics. First I showed my works made using the origami technique. Next, we started creating a heart using the modular origami technique. The children learned how to fold paper correctly and create modules, with which they then assembled a heart. After creating the first module, I asked the guys to unfold the sheet they had folded and asked them the question: “What do you see on the sheet of paper?” They answered that they saw many straight lines (folding points), various shapes - triangles, rectangles. Thus, we, together with them, were convinced that with the help of origami we can study various geometric shapes, which means that we can use origami when studying some topics in the school subject “mathematics”. I'm glad I was able to teach my classmates how to make modular origami. Now they too will be able to congratulate their dear and beloved mothers (close people) on the holiday and give an unforgettable gift made with their own hands. (Appendix 8.10).

After the master class, I conducted a survey again. Based on its results, we can say that my classmates expanded their knowledge about origami and, by creating origami figures, they became convinced that origami is related to mathematics and can be used in mathematics lessons.

2.3. Conversation with mathematics teacher of MBOU Secondary School No. 8 of Tuymazy V.V. Pupysheva.

In order to verify my assumptions that origami is connected with mathematics, I also talked with Vera Vladimirovna Pupysheva, a mathematics teacher of the highest category at MBOU Secondary School No. 8 in Tuymazy. (Appendix 12).

Using a simple example, folding a sheet of paper vertically and diagonally, she showed that we are already solving construction problems: constructing a perpendicular to a straight line, the bisector of an angle, the altitude of a triangle. The teacher noted that when solving problems using origami methods, the role of straight lines is played by the edges of the sheet and the fold lines formed when it is folded, and the role of points is played by the vertices of the corners of the sheet and the points of intersection of the fold lines with each other or with the edges of the sheets. During the conversation, the teacher and I completed several simple tasks using the origami method: we divided one of the corners of the square into three equal angles, and built a regular triangle. After completing the tasks, Vera Vladimirovna said that the accuracy of the resulting regular polygons can be checked using drawing tools or using mathematical justification. The teacher also showed me images of ready-made developments of various polyhedra, which are studied in high school.

During the conversation, Vera Vladimirovna confirmed my assumptions that mathematics is closely related to origami. With the help of origami, you can successfully solve various construction problems, and also study various geometric and volumetric figures.

Conclusion

During the research, I carried out the following work:

    Studied Internet resources and literature in the Tuymazinsk Central Library