Implementation of natural feeding of a newborn baby. Natural (breastfeeding) feeding. Benefits of breastfeeding your baby

19.05.2020

Feeding a baby in the first year of life with human milk is called natural.

Feeding newborn babies in the first 7-10 days of life

Usually, a newborn baby begins to be applied to the breast 6-10 hours after birth: a longer delay has an adverse effect on the newborn and his mother. With a later attachment of the child to the breast, there is a significant decrease in body weight in the first days of life and its later recovery.

In the first days after childbirth, the mother feeds the baby in bed from a lying position on her side (Fig. 10). The child is placed so that it is convenient for him to grasp the nipple with his mouth. The mother slightly raises her breast with her hand, holding it between thumb and the rest (the breast lies on the palm of your hand), and directs the nipple into the baby's mouth, trying to ensure that the latter captures well not only the nipple, but part of the adjacent skin (areola). At the same time, the upper surface of the breast is slightly pressed downward with the thumb so that it does not cover the child's nose and does not interfere with his breathing.

Later, when the puerpera is allowed to sit or get out of bed (from the 3rd or 4th day), she feeds the baby in a sitting position on a chair, placing her foot on a low bench (Fig. 11). Each breast must be alternated to ensure that both are completely emptied. Any remaining milk must be expressed. Only when there is little milk, you have to feed from both breasts, but at the same time you should: 1) give the second breast only after the baby has sucked everything out of the first, and 2) follow the order of attachment.

These rules are necessary because the first portions of milk are absorbed by the baby more easily than the subsequent ones, and more frequent feeding stimulates the function of the mammary gland. If from the very beginning these rules are not followed, the child quickly gets used to it and does not suck, which causes milk stagnation and a decrease in lactation.

The amount of milk required for a newborn baby varies considerably. For practical purposes, the formula of G.I. Zaitseva is most suitable. Using this formula, you can roughly calculate how much milk a newborn baby needs (up to 7-8 days):

Daily amount of milk (in ml) = 2% of the baby's weight at birth x n,

where n is the day of the child's life. You can also use the modified Finkelstein formula:

n x 70 or 80,

where n is the day of the child's life. To determine the amount of milk a child needs during the day, the number of days of his life must be multiplied by 70 (with a mass below 3200) or by 80 (with a mass above 3200 g).

Sometimes they use another calculation: for a single feeding, the child should receive an amount of milk equal to 10, multiplied by the day of his life (for example, a 5-day-old child should receive 10 x 5 = 50 ml for one feeding).

The amount of food you need premature baby, must be determined taking into account his individual needs and general condition. Usually, on the 1st day, 5-10 ml of milk is given for feeding, on the 2nd day - 10-15 ml, on the 3rd day - 15-20 ml. In the future, the daily volume of food is determined by the formula:

n x 10 for every 100 g of the child's weight,

where n is the number of days of life. After the 10th day of life, the amount of food is determined by body weight, as in full-term.

From the first days of life, a child must be taught to order in feeding. A newborn baby has no conditioned reflexes at birth. One of the very first conditioned reflexes is the reflex to the feeding time. To do this, you need to feed the baby by the hour.

IP Pavlov wrote, "that no other stimulus can be compared either qualitatively or quantitatively with a passionate desire for food as a causative agent of gastric juice." Only food with an appetite can be as healthy as possible, while food on order cannot have such a positive effect. Indiscriminate feeding reduces the baby's appetite, he sucks out little milk.

The frequency of feeding is of great importance. The works of prof. NI Krasnogorskiy found that in the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) there is a certain cyclical nature of the processes of excitation and inhibition. In children of the first 3 months of life, the process of excitation is replaced by the process of inhibition every 3 hours; in children at 3-5 months, such an alternation is observed every 3.5 hours, in children older than 6 months - every 4 hours. Therefore, the interval between feedings should be different, depending on the age of the baby.

Children of the first 2-3 months of life must be fed every 3 hours with a 6-hour night interval (the night interval is necessary for the mother and child to rest); the intervals between feedings in children from 3 to 5 months should be 3.5 hours (night interval 6 hours 30 minutes), and in children older than 5 months, every 4 hours (night interval 8 hours) 1 (Fig. 12).

If the child does not calmly withstand such long night intervals and is not satisfied with 2-5 teaspoons of water, then one more feeding at night can be allowed.

The frequency of feeding is also determined by the duration of the stay of the food mass in the stomach, which depends on the type of food. Human milk is excreted from the stomach 2-2.5 hours after ingestion, artificial milk mixtures from cow's milk linger in the stomach for 3 hours, and porridge for 3-4 hours. Vegetables are especially long in the stomach (4-5 hours). The high content of fat and protein increases the duration of the stay of food in the stomach.

1 In maternity hospitals, healthy newborns are fed a little less often (6 times), which is explained by the working conditions of medical personnel.

Technique and rules of natural feeding

The success of breastfeeding depends to a large extent on the punctual adherence to a number of rules.

Before each feeding, the mother should carefully wash her breasts with boiled water with clean hands.
Squeeze out a few drops of milk, with which you remove stray bacteria that easily get into the peripheral parts of the excretory ducts.
At the end of feeding, the breast must be dried with a clean, soft linen cloth so that there is no maceration of the nipples.

When breastfeeding, a physiological balance is established between the mother and the baby, that is, the baby sucks out as much milk as it needs. Physiological balance is determined by the composition of the milk during feeding. It is very well developed in children from the 6th week of life.

However, the duration of each breastfeeding should, on average, last no more than 15-20 minutes. Only newborn babies can be fed for a longer time (up to 20-30 minutes). It should be remembered that the baby during the first 5 minutes of feeding sucks out about 50% of the milk he needs.

When feeding from a bottle through a nipple, it is necessary to dose the amount of food. If little child give formula milk in a bottle with a nipple, he will not stop sucking, despite the fact that a large volume of sucked milk will cause hyperextension of the stomach.

Methods for calculating the required amount of milk for a baby

There are several ways to calculate the amount of food required for children in the first half of their life.

Method 1.- "volumetric" depending on body weight.
The child should receive milk at the age of 2 to 6 weeks 1/5 of his body weight from 6 weeks to 4 months 1/6 of his body weight from 4 to 6 months 1/7 of his body weight

For instance. A child aged 3 months, weighing 5200 g, should receive milk at the rate of 1/6 of the body weight, i.e. 5200: 6 = 866 ml of milk.

Until recently, this method of calculating the amount of food was the most common. However, at present, in connection with the acceleration, which was expressed in a very rapid increase in body weight during the first half of the year of life and the birth of larger children, it may happen that the amount of food calculated in this way can exceed 1 liter. In such cases, the volume of food should not exceed 1 liter, but then some nutritional correction is needed (see below).

Method 2. Calculation according to Shkarin.

A 2-month-old (or 8-week-old baby) should receive 800 ml of milk per day, which is 50 ml less for every week, and 50 ml more for every month more than two.

For children under 2 months old, this can be expressed by the formula: 800-50 x (8-n), where n is the number of weeks of life.

For example, a child aged 3 weeks according to this calculation method should receive: 800-50 X (8-3) = 550 ml.

For children over 2 months old, you can use the formula: 800 + 50 x (n-2), where n is the number of months for the child.

For example, a child at the age of 3 months should receive milk: 800 + 50 x (3-2) = 850 ml.

Shkarin's calculation in modern children is hardly suitable due to the acceleration of their development. It is presented in our manual from a historical perspective.

Method 3. Caloric (energy) calculation: per 1 kg of body weight, the child should receive: in the first quarter of the year 120 kcal per day in the second quarter of the year 115 kcal per day in the third quarter of the year 110 kcal per day in the fourth quarter of the year 100 kcal per day

Having determined the weight of the child, it is easy to calculate how many kilocalories the child needs. Knowing that 1 liter of human milk contains on average 700 kcal, it is easy to calculate how much milk a child should receive per day.

For example, a child aged 3 months, weighing 5 kg, should receive 120 kcal per 1 kg of body weight or 600 kcal per day (120 kcal x 5 = 600 kcal). By composing the proportion, it is easy to convert the number of kilocalories into the volume of milk: 1000 ml of milk contains 700 kcal x ml - 600 kcal 600 x 1000 x = ----------- = 857 ml of milk. 700

Of the above calculation methods, the most accurate is the calorie one. The calculation is based on the average normal weight of a child at a given age, but the daily volume of food should not exceed 1000 ml.

The formulas for calculating milk given by us are used for children in the first 6 months of life. Children from 6 months of age to 1 year should receive a food volume of 1 liter. Knowing the total amount of food and the number of feedings during the day, it is easy to calculate how much milk your baby needs per feeding.

Nutritional Tutorial healthy child... A. V. MAZURIN. M., "Medicine", 1980, 208 p., Ill.

Introduction

Natural feeding

Lactation Colostrum Biological and chemical properties of breast milk Nutrition and regimen of a nursing mother Feeding newborn babies in the first 7-10 days of life Technique and rules of natural feeding Methods for calculating the required amount of milk for a child

10. Feeding children of the first year of life. Natural, formula and mixed feeding. Modes and rules.

Proper feeding of babies early age- this is not only the harmonious development and growth of the baby, but also laying the foundation for his health and resistance to infectious diseases and adverse environmental factors. Parents should pay the greatest attention to the nutrition of children in the first year of life. This is mainly due to the peculiarities of their body (lack of a supply of nutrients, unformed metabolic processes and an undeveloped defense mechanism), which complicates the process of assimilating nutrients from food. The conversation about the nutrition of children in the first year of life should begin with a consideration of 3 main types of feeding: natural, artificial and mixed.

2.Natural feeding

Natural (breast) feeding - form nutrition of a newborn child, is the only physiologically adequate nutrition for a newborn and an infant.

Feeding a baby is called natural breast milk... Human milk is a unique and most balanced food product for a baby in the first year of life; The composition of each mother's breast milk exactly matches the needs of her baby in various substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals; Mother's milk contains special substances - enzymes that promote the digestion and assimilation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates; The mother's milk contains immunoglobulins and immune cells that protect the child from most infectious diseases: intestinal infections, infectious hepatitis, diphtheria, tetanus and others;

2.1. Benefits of human milk:

1. Human milk is completely devoid of antigenic properties, while cow's milk proteins have a pronounced antigenic activity, which contributes to the appearance and intensification of allergic reactions in infants.

2. The total amount of protein in breast milk is much less than in cow's milk, in structure it is close to the proteins of the baby's cells. It is dominated by fine fractions, particles of coarse protein casein are several times smaller than in cow's milk, which ensures that breast milk is curdled in the stomach with more delicate flakes and thereby more complete digestion.

3. Women's milk contains such a unique substance as taurine - a sulfur-containing amino acid with neuro-active properties. With artificial feeding, protein overloads inevitably occur, since cow's milk contains three times more amino acids. These overloads are accompanied by intoxication, kidney damage due to metabolic disorders.

4. Human milk, especially colostrum, excreted in the first 3-4 days, is very rich in immunoglobulins, especially class A, and 90% is secretory IgA, which plays a fundamental role in the local immunity of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns. Leukocytes of breast milk synthesize interferon: it contains a large number of macrophages, lymphocytes. The lysozyme level is 300 times higher than in cow's milk. It contains the antibiotic lactofelicin. Thanks to this, natural feeding provides the formation of immuno-biological protection infant, in connection with which the morbidity and mortality of children who are breastfed are significantly lower than those of artificial ones.

5. The amount of fat in human and cow's milk is practically the same, but there is a significant difference in its composition: breast milk contains several times more unsaturated fatty acids... The breakdown of fat in infants begins in the stomach under the influence of breast milk lipase; it stimulates the appearance of active acidity in the stomach, contributes to the regulation of the evacuation function of the stomach and earlier release of pancreatic juice. All this facilitates the digestion and assimilation of fat, the individual components of which are part of the cells of all tissues and biologically active substances, are spent on myelination of nerve fibers, providing an increased need for fats in a 1-year-old child.

6. Carbohydrates in breast milk are relatively high. They largely determine the intestinal microbial flora. They include B-lactose (up to 90%), which, together with oligoaminosaccharides, stimulates the growth of normal flora with a predominance of bifidobacteria, thereby suppressing the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms and Escherichia coli. In addition, B-lactose is involved in the synthesis of B vitamins.

7. Human milk is exceptionally rich in various enzymes: amylase, trypsin, lipase (lipase in breast milk is almost 15 times more than in cow's milk, amylase - 100 times more). This compensates for the temporary low enzymatic activity of the child and ensures the assimilation of a fairly large amount of food.

8. The mineral composition of food, the content of bioelements in it is of great importance for the growing organism. The concentration of calcium and phosphorus in breast milk is lower, but their absorption is two times better than from cow's milk. Therefore, with natural feeding, children are much easier and less likely to get sick with rickets. The content of bioelements (sodium, magnesium, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, sulfur, etc.) in breast milk is optimal and meets the needs of the child. Breast milk contains four times less sodium than cow's milk. Excessive sodium loads can cause vegetative-vascular dystonia with fluctuations in blood pressure during puberty, as well as more severe and more frequent crises in adult hypertension.

9. Breast milk differs from cow's milk in a higher content and higher activity of vitamins, in particular vitamin D, which also helps to prevent rickets.

10. It has been shown that with natural feeding, sexual potency is better in the future, and fertility is higher.

11. With natural feeding, a life-long relationship to the mother is laid, her subsequent influence on the child's behavior, as well as the future parenting behavior is formed.

2.2. Regime and technique of natural feeding.

An important role in the development of lactation in a woman who has given birth is played by the time of the first attachment of the baby to the breast, which is currently recommended to be carried out immediately after birth, directly in the delivery room in the first 30-60 minutes after childbirth, taking into account the condition of the newborn and the woman in labor. Early attachment to the breast has a positive effect on the condition of both the mother and the baby, accelerates the onset of milk production, and increases its production. It is important to emphasize that the first portions of breast milk (colostrum) contain significant amounts of immunoglobulins and other protective factors, and therefore their intake into the child's body increases the infant's resistance to infections and other unfavorable external factors that he encounters immediately after birth.

Another key factor in ensuring full lactation is the free-feeding regime of the newborn, in which the children themselves set the intervals between feedings, which can be achieved when the mother and child are together in the same room.

At present, it should be recognized that "free" feeding, or, in other words, feeding on the "baby's demand," is significantly more effective, which means latching on the baby to the breast as many times and at such times as the baby requires, including at night. Feeding frequency depends on the newborn's reflex activity and birth weight. A newborn baby may "require" from 8-10 to 12 or more breastfeeding per day. Feeding time can be 20 minutes or more. By the end of the first month of life, the frequency of feeding usually decreases (up to 7-8 times), and the duration of feeding decreases. Night feedings with free feeding of newborns are not excluded: the child must refuse night feedings himself. Free breast-feeding contributes to the formation of optimal lactation and the establishment of close psychoemotional contact between mother and child, which is very important for the correct emotional and neuropsychic development of the infant.

Correct breastfeeding technique is essential. In the first days after birth, you can feed the babies in one feeding with one breast. After the milk "arrives", the baby can be fed each feed from both breasts, so that the feed ends from the breast from which the feed began.

Feed should be done in a comfortable position for the mother, in a relaxed environment. The most comfortable sitting position is so that the child is in an upright position (preventing air from entering the baby's stomach). At night and if it is impossible to feed the baby while sitting, you can feed it lying on your side. It is desirable that during feeding the child has the opportunity to contact the mother as closely as possible (skin-to-skin contact, eye-to-eye contact). With such close contact, not only the formation of the child's attachment to the mother occurs, but also additional hormonal stimulation of lactation, which is especially important both during its formation in the first days and weeks after childbirth, and with a temporary decrease in lactation in connection with the so-called lactation crises.

3.Mixed feeding

Mixed feeding is a feeding system for a child, in which supplementary feeding with a mixture is carried out on an equal basis with breastfeeding without a clear regimen (on demand), while the volume of the mixture takes up no more than half of the total volume of food.

Insufficient weight gain

· Prematurity;

Mother's illness, her taking medications incompatible with breastfeeding;

· Life situation: mom needs to work or study.

The diet for mixed feeding is individual and depends to a greater extent on how much of the food the baby receives with breast milk, and what part with the formula.

The main rule of mixed feeding is to offer the baby formula only after breastfeeding. In this case, supplementary feeding is not a separate feeding. In this case, it is assumed that the mother has enough milk and only small amounts of supplementation are introduced. Each feeding of the baby then begins with latching to the breast, which stimulates increased lactation. If you first give the baby a mixture, then he may well refuse to breastfeed because of satiety or because it is much more difficult than drinking from a bottle. The diet corresponds to the regime for breastfeeding, that is, the breast is given to the baby on demand. If, after latching on to the breast, the mother sees that the baby has not eaten, then feeds him with a mixture.

The option of compulsory attachment to the breast, and then, if necessary, supplemental feeding with a mixture is the closest option to breastfeeding for mixed feeding. But, unfortunately, it is not always possible and it is possible.

If there is not enough breast milk for the whole day, you have to alternate between breastfeeding and bottle feeding. The greatest influx of milk from the mother occurs in the morning, and by the evening, with a strong decrease in lactation, it practically does not remain. In this case, one feeding completely or two or three feedings are partially replaced with a mixture. The diet should be relatively fixed: the mixture is not recommended to be given to the baby more often than 2 hours after the previous feeding. Most often, feeding is replaced with a mixture before bedtime, then the child eats up and sleeps soundly, calmly.

If a mother is forced to work or study, then during her absence, the baby is fed with formula, and during the rest of the feedings he receives breast milk.

3.1. Rules for mixed feeding

1. Supplementary feed (artificial mixture) should be given only after the baby is attached to the volume of the mammary glands and after they have been completely emptied, even with a minimal amount of milk. This is done due to the fact that at the beginning of feeding, the baby has the most pronounced appetite and he actively sits on the breast. If you first give an artificial mixture, then, firstly, you do not know in what quantity to give it, and secondly, after satisfying the appetite, the child will not want to suckle, since it is much more difficult than eating from a bottle.

In the case of social and living conditions, when the mother is forced to be absent for a certain amount of time, or in the treatment of certain diseases of the mother, you can resort to the following method of feeding. The child receives an artificial mixture 2-3 times during the day, and the rest of the feeding is breast milk;

2. It is better to give supplementary food from a spoon (if its volume is not very large), since the easier flow of the mixture from the bottle can cause the child to give up the goodie. With a large amount of supplementation, a bottle is used as a rule. The bottle should have a sufficiently elastic nipple with small holes (so that the baby makes an effort while sucking);

3.Power mode. The most optimal is a free feeding regimen. But you can feed the baby and according to the schedule, in this case the frequency of feeding can be reduced by one feeding in comparison with natural feeding;

4. The mixture, bottles, nipples must be sterile. The temperature of the finished mixture is 37-38 degrees;

5. Complementary foods with mixed feeding should be introduced 2-3 weeks earlier than with natural feeding.

To calculate the child's needs for food ingredients, the age of the child is taken into account, what type of feeding is close to the nutrition (artificial or natural), the type of mixture used (adapted, unadapted).

3.2 There are 2 methods of feeding supplements:

1. The classical method - the baby in each feeding is applied to the breast, and then supplemented with a mixture to the required volume.

2. Method of alternation - the baby is applied to the breast through feeding and completely covers the required amount of food with human milk; and through feeding the required amount of milk is covered with artificial formula.

4 artificial feeding

Artificial feeding is a type of feeding in which the baby does not receive mother's milk in the first year of his life and feeds only on artificial mixtures.

Artificial feeding can be used if the mother has no milk at all or the baby for some reason cannot or does not want to drink breast milk.

4.1. Rules of artificial feeding

1. Artificial feeding provides for a systematic calculation of the energy value of food, the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates at each change in connection with the fact that artificial feeding is possible for both underfeeding and overfeeding of the child. The indicator of the suitability of the mixture is the data normal development child.

2. The volume of food per day with artificial feeding should correspond to the volume of natural feeding.

3.Conduct artificial feeding recommended with adapted infant formula "Malyutka". "Baby", "NAN" and others, which in their composition are as close as possible to human milk. Currently, unadapted milk formulas are practically not used in the nutrition of children.

4. Mixes are always given only freshly prepared and warmed up to a temperature of 35-40 ° C. The opening of the nipple should not be too large, milk should flow through it from the overturned bottle in drops. It is strictly forbidden to prepare mixtures for long periods of time.

5. When feeding, the bottle is kept at an angle so that the neck of it is always filled with the mixture to prevent the baby from swallowing air.

4.2 Mode

the first week of life - 7-10;

1 week - 2 months - 7-8;

2-4 months - 6-7;

4-9 months - 5-6;

9-12 months - 5.

4.3 The most common bottle-feeding mistakes are:

Too frequent changes in food. Replacing one mixture with another should be done in case of allergic reactions, prolonged cessation of weight gain, the child's refusal from this mixture. Even a nursing baby has the right to have his own tastes and does not always agree with what is offered to him;

Restricting the diet and transferring the child to a new mixture at the slightest deterioration in the stool;

The appointment of fermented milk mixtures in large quantities, especially in the first 7 days of life, although they are more easily tolerated by babies with latent lactase deficiency and have antibiotic activity. However, when feeding only fermented milk mixtures metabolic disorders are noted.

4.4. When feeding a baby with milk formula, it is recommended to observe the following rules:

1. Cook it immediately before feeding in a pre-sterilized container.

2. In the process of mixing the mixture, follow the instructions attached to the package or printed directly on it.

3. Dilute it with water made specifically for baby food: it does not contain any harmful substances.

4. Before giving the mixture to the baby, be sure to check its temperature: it must correspond to the body temperature.

At present, it should be recognized that "free" feeding, or, in other words, feeding on the "baby's demand," is significantly more effective, which means latching on the baby to the breast as many times and at such times as the baby requires, including at night. Feeding frequency depends on the newborn's reflex activity and birth weight. A newborn baby may "require" from 8-10 to 12 or more breastfeeding per day. Feeding time can be 20 minutes or more. By the end of the first month of life, the frequency of feeding usually decreases (up to 7-8 times), and the duration of feeding decreases. Night feedings with free feeding of newborns are not excluded: the child must refuse night feedings himself. Free breastfeeding contributes to the formation of optimal lactation and the establishment of close psycho-emotional contact between the mother and the child, which is very important for the correct emotional and neuropsychic development of the infant.

What is natural feeding and why is it so beneficial? This definition usually refers to breastfeeding. It should start from the first hours of a child's life. And continues natural feeding of children under 1 year old at least, better up to 1.5-2 years old, or even more, on the recommendation The World Organization health care.

A woman's mammary glands begin to prepare for hepatitis B during pregnancy. If you do an ultrasound of the glands in the third trimester, then this will clearly be visible on the screen. There will be a lot of glandular tissue. Another clear sign of body preparation is the appearance of colostrum from the nipples. It can be released in large quantities spontaneously or appear only with light pressure. But whether it exists or not, the amount of milk in the future does not depend on this at all. And doctors, in order to avoid the introduction of infectious pathogens into the milk ducts, do not advise pressing on the nipples and performing any manipulations with them.

Natural or breastfeeding of newborns: the beginning of the journey

If mom gives birth naturally a full-term baby and during childbirth there are no serious problems, the doctor or midwife should put the baby on the mother's stomach immediately after birth. Before washing, instilling eye drops and measuring. The baby lies on the mother's stomach, closer to the chest, and on top they are covered with a clean sheet. So they can lie for up to 2 hours in the delivery room. But in practice, it often turns out to be about half an hour. And during this time, if the baby himself did not reach the areola, did not take the nipple in his mouth, the nurse should help him start sucking. The first drops of maternal colostrum received are priceless. It is they who give the baby strong immunity for the coming months.

Further, the mother and baby are transferred to the postpartum ward. Breastfeeding counselors advise them to be in the same room, day and night. This will allow the mother to feed the baby as often as he wants. This will contribute to the establishment of a close psychological connection with them, the child will benefit from colostrum health, and there will be no problems with lactation: there will be no painful arrival of breast milk to replace colostrum and stagnation in the mammary glands.

How to breastfeed your baby correctly? During the neonatal period, at least 1 time in 2 hours, with a night break no more than 4 hours. As long as there is only colostrum, it is advisable to feed with both mammary glands, for 15 minutes each. Children are different. Someone sucks out the right amount of colostrum or milk in 5 minutes and then falls asleep peacefully. And someone can hang on the chest for hours, suck very slowly, dozing. The latter usually have problems. Mommies cannot tear themselves away from them. And if they are trying to establish some kind of schedule, not to keep the baby constantly at the breast, he gains poorly in weight, malnourishes. This is not an easy time for the family, the mother's milk may become less, which is why mixed or artificial feeding is introduced. To maintain lactation, you need to try to wake the baby up during feeding. For example, lightly pat the cheek, pull the nipple out of the mouth, or take it to wash. Usually, by the second month of life, the child sleeps less and behaves actively when feeding. It is important by this time not to switch to the mixture and to preserve the HS.

Possible difficulties with breastfeeding

In addition to the lazy sucking babies, which we wrote about earlier, there are very actively sucking babies. And there are no less problems with them. Many babies do not immediately succeed in breastfeeding correctly. And they bite the mother's nipple with their gums. The result is pain, cracks, and even mastitis. To prevent this from happening, you do not need to feed through the pain. A mandatory rule is to give the baby the nipple along with the areola, immerse them in his mouth as far as possible. If pain is felt, you need to put your finger in the corner of the baby's mouth and pull out the nipple, and then give it again. Should not be tolerated.

If a child cries while sucking on the breast, squeezes his legs - this is he not from hunger, but from intestinal colic. Very common among children in the first four months of life. In addition, colic occurs from swallowing large amounts of air during feeding. If you notice such symptoms in your baby, stop feeding and put a warm diaper on the baby's tummy, massage clockwise around the navel. Only after the attack has passed, continue feeding. You can scold the child vertically, in a column, if the problem is in the swallowed air, this will help him get out of the stomach faster and will not cause regurgitation of milk.

Another problem that breastfeeding carries in the first year of a newborn's life is allergic reactions caused by inaccuracies in the mother's diet. From the maternity hospital, mothers are taught that potential allergens should not be consumed. And first of all, this applies to red and orange vegetables and fruits. Although allergies are more often given by the protein of cow's milk. There is a lot of it in whole cow's milk, so it is not advised to drink it during lactation, only use it in small quantities when preparing food. And it's better to drink fermented milk drinks. Also, you should not eat a lot of chicken, wheat (there is gluten). In general, you should not eat too much of any product. Let the food be varied.

Sometimes difficulties are caused by the introduction of complementary foods with natural feeding. If mommy is breastfeeding on demand, then the child will not eat solid food for a long time. Problems with food arise even in children after a year, with pleasure eating mother's milk. Here you need to be persistent, but in moderation. After a year, very good results are given by the example of an older child who eats "adult" food with pleasure.

Babies who have been breastfeeding for a long time often have difficulty chewing. This also needs to be taught. Moreover, it is desirable from an early age, from 8 months, when you can give suck drying. A little later - baby biscuits. Gradually add small pieces to puree food. By one year, it is advisable not to use a blender when preparing children's meals.

Benefits of breastfeeding

There are a lot of them. The main ones.

1. Profitability. Packing the most inexpensive mixture costs about 200 rubles. With artificial feeding, it lasts on average for 3 days ... This means that you need to spend at least 2,000 rubles a month on the mixture. But sometimes it is required to feed the child with medicinal or highly adapted, hypoallergenic mixtures, they cost many times more. 500-800 rubles for 1 package.

2. Perfect composition. Breast milk is quickly digested and it never hurts the baby's tummy, if the mother does not break a special diet. Natural is the physiological feeding of the baby. Ideal for his body.

3. Increased immunity. Both colostrum and mature breast milk have these properties. Protection works especially effectively in the first six months of a child's life.

4. Reducing the risk of intestinal infections. It is reliably known that natural and artificial feeding are distinguished by this property. It is very easy for artificial people to catch the "intestines".

5. Convenience. You do not need to sterilize bottles, nipples, take them with you when leaving home, etc.

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Natural feeding is feeding a baby with human milk by latching on to the breast. When a mother has a question why she should breastfeed her baby, she should first of all know the benefits of breastfeeding the baby and how radically it differs from cow's milk.

Benefits of breastfeeding your baby:

Human milk is a unique and most balanced food product for a baby in the first year of life;
The composition of each mother's breast milk exactly matches the needs of her baby in various substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals;
Mother's milk contains special substances - enzymes that promote the digestion and assimilation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
The mother's milk contains immunoglobulins and immune cells that protect the child from most infectious diseases: intestinal infections, infectious hepatitis, diphtheria, tetanus and others;
Breast milk contains substances that regulate the growth and development of the child (hormones, growth factors, taurine, zinc, iodine, etc.);
In the process of breastfeeding, a special, very close relationship develops between the mother and the child, the warmth of which remains throughout the rest of life;
Breastfeeding is good for the health of the mother because it contributes to the contraction of the uterus after childbirth, helps to restore the figure and is the best prevention of mastopathy and breast cancer.

The difference between breast milk and cow milk:

Protein content. There is less protein in breast milk than in cow's milk, fine fractions prevail in it, particles of coarse casein protein are several times smaller, which ensures that breast milk is curdled in the stomach with more delicate flakes, which facilitates the digestion process.
Breast milk proteins are similar to plasma proteins, and cow's milk proteins have a pronounced AH activity, which contributes to the appearance of allergic reactions.
The amino acid content in breast milk is less, which is more optimal for the baby. There are three times more amino acids in cow's milk, this leads to protein overload, which can lead to metabolic disorders.
Human milk, especially colostrum secreted in the first three days, is very rich in immunoglobulins, especially A, which plays important role in the creation of local immunity of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns. The level of lysozyme is 300 times higher than in cow. It contains the antibiotic lactofelicin. Thereby infant has good immuno-biological protection.
The amount of fat is the same, but there is an important distinctive feature, this is the composition of the fat. Unsaturated fats predominate in breast milk. Formula feeding has been shown to often lead to obesity.
Carbohydrates in breast milk are abundant.
Breast milk is rich in enzymes: amylase, trypsin, lipase. In cow's milk, enzymes are hundreds of times less. This compensates for the temporary low enzymatic activity of the child and ensures the assimilation of a fairly large amount of food.
The mineral composition of breast milk: the amount of calcium and phosphorus is less than in cow's milk, but absorption is two times better, so breastfed babies are much less likely to get rickets. The content of bioelements (sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, etc.) in breast milk is optimal and meets the needs of the child. Breast milk contains a large amount of vitamin D, which helps prevent rickets.

Basic principles of successful breastfeeding:

1. Strictly adhere to the established rules of breastfeeding and regularly bring these rules to the attention of medical personnel and women in childbirth.
2. Train health care personnel in the necessary skills to practice breastfeeding.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and techniques of breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers start breastfeeding within the first half hour after giving birth.
5. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they are temporarily separated from their babies.
6. Give newborn babies no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated.
7. To practice around the clock finding the mother and the newborn side by side in the same ward.
8. Encourage breastfeeding as requested by the infant rather than scheduled.
9. Do not give breastfed infants any sedatives or devices that mimic the mother's breast (nipples, pacifiers).
10. Encourage the organization of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to these groups after discharge from the maternity hospital.

Rules for successful feeding:

1) early attachment of the baby to the breast (in the delivery room);

2) in the first weeks, it is advisable to provide the child with a free feeding regimen (at the request of the child) and only later transfer the child to food by the hour, which he himself chose;

3) when introducing complementary foods, to prevent the extinction of lactation, it is recommended to put the baby to the breast at the end of each feeding;

4) if there is not enough milk, it is necessary to often latch the baby to the breast. It must be remembered that for nursing baby every drop of mother's milk is priceless. However, frequent breastfeeding can increase milk production in the breast.

Possible contraindications for breastfeeding on the part of the mother:

Eclampsia;

Heavy bleeding during or after childbirth;

Open form of tuberculosis;

Decompensation or chronic diseases of the heart, lungs, kidneys,

baking, as well as hyperthyroidism;

Acute mental illness;

Especially dangerous infections;

Herpetic eruptions on the nipple of the mammary gland (before their further treatment);

HIV infection;

Mastitis in a woman: upon detection of massive growth of St. aureus ≥ 250 CFU in 1 ml and / or single growth of Enterobacteriacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( Guidelines on bacteriological control of breast milk, Moscow, 1984);

Taking cytostatics, immunosuppressive drugs, anticoagulants, some antibacterial drugs;

Alcohol and nicotine addiction.

Breastfeeding during a new pregnancy may continue.

Contraindications to early attachment to the mother's breast with the child's side:

Apgar score below 7 points;

Birth injury;

Seizures;

Deep prematurity;

Severe malformations (gastrointestinal tract, maxillofacial apparatus, heart, etc.);

Delivery by surgery C-section(under anesthesia).

Absolute contraindications for breastfeeding on the part of the child in the subsequent stages of lactation:

Hereditary enzymopathies (galactosemia);

Phenylketonuria (with an individual selection of medical nutrition).

In the first days after childbirth, it is important for the development of lactation:

early breastfeeding,

feeding the baby on demand,

joint stay of mother and child,

prevention of lactocrisis.

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