Age 45 - 50 years psychologists call the period of maturity, a difficult and difficult time for a woman. A lot of problems have to be solved during this difficult period of life. It is no coincidence that it is called the crisis of maturity. A woman lives in anticipation of the autumn of life, which she does not want to think about. But her breathing and her footsteps are getting clearer. So how does the maturity stage in women go? How do they manage to overcome all its difficulties and problems, of which there are a great many

Spatial changes

A woman always remains a mother, but there comes a time when this role needs to be qualitatively changed. Grown-up children no longer need maternal love and care so much. This means that more time is left for the role of the mistress of the house. Do not think that this is boring and painful. The psychological space of the family during this period undergoes changes. The woman was and remains the keeper of the hearth. But by this time it is emptying: children are striving for freedom with all their might, they are ready for an independent life. They have their own lives and their families. For a woman, this is a source of intense stress. New social roles that need to be mastered are falling like snow on their heads. Just yesterday, strangers entered the circle of close or distant, but relatives. You need to learn to build relationships with them. And here are the grandchildren. Already? Granny? Great! But what is it? Aging and wilting. And there is a serious problem of finding your place in these new relationships, the acceptance of new social roles, which requires a lot of physical strength and mental energy. Where can I get them?

• Try to be creative in arranging your new (no children) nest;
• Learn to do all the housework rationally.

Physiological changes

The withering of a woman occurs gradually: the first bells appear after 40 years. Yesterday I ran in high heels, but today I already want to throw them off from fatigue and put on something more comfortable and reliable. Most recently, I could work all day, and spend the night with friends. And now by the evening fatigue is piling on, and apathy sets in. Yes, the years make themselves felt. The process of transition from puberty to the extinction of sexual function is called the climacteric period. There are no clear time limits for the onset of menopause and the duration of its course: for some, it occurs earlier and lasts several years or even imperceptibly, while for others it is later and stretches for years.

There is a process of restructuring of the body that cannot be stopped: this is how the function of the ovaries weakens, and gradually the production of female sex hormones completely stops, the so-called hormonal storm and all its accompanying phenomena are triggered.

Lack of sex hormones causes all sorts of ailments. This is how a previously balanced woman becomes irritable and nervous. The character begins to change, pickyness to others appears, capriciousness, and even quarrelsomeness. The mood changes several times a day. Feelings of anxiety and fear overwhelm for no apparent reason. Insomnia is becoming common in a woman's life. She senses that something is wrong with her. Periodic flushes of blood to the face, a feeling of heat and profuse sweating cause a lot of inconvenience. And the increase in blood pressure makes her completely disabled and a regular patient of the clinic. The metabolic processes of the body are changing. Dysfunction of the thyroid gland leads to the risk of serious diseases: oncology, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and so on.

The first signals of the unhappiness of their body cause anxiety and a sense of hopelessness in women. The onset of old age cannot be stopped by any forces. And many humble themselves. But life goes on and it is important to maintain health at this stage of the transition. What to do?

• Be as attentive as possible to your well-being. At the first signs of ill health, consult a doctor, undergo the necessary diagnostics, act proactively in order to prevent the occurrence of serious diseases.
• Give up bad habits: smoking, drinking alcohol.
• Review your diet and eliminate foods that are harmful to health from your diet. Do not overeat: gaining extra pounds is easy, but no diet will help get rid of them.
• Physical activity plays like never before important role in a woman's life during this period of life. Don't let yourself be lazy. Find time and energy for sports and walking. Choose your physical activity wisely.
• Listen to your body and try not to harm it. At this stage of life, health is in your hands. The quality of life now and in the future depends on this.
• Be attentive to the needs of your body: allow yourself to be lazy, if your body wants it, if possible, organize a short nap.

External changes

During this period, the appearance of a woman begins to change not for the better: the figure loses its harmony, fat is deposited most often in the abdomen and thighs. So the gait is losing its lightness. Facial features become less distinct, a double chin and wrinkles appear. Reflection in the mirror is not encouraging. It's hard to accept your age. And she involuntarily stretches into the past, more and more often she remembers herself as twenty or thirty years old. This leaves an imprint on her image. Some women start to lead and dress like teenage girls, which looks ridiculous and ridiculous. This is due to the panic fear of their age and of the future. Age 45 - 50 is the time to work on the future: not to look for yourself in the past, but to dream, make plans and act now.

• Love yourself, your body and your face. Take time to take care of yourself. Find an opportunity to visit a beauty salon, listen to the advice of beauticians, and master the techniques of applying makeup and facial care.
• Be stylish and sophisticated. Choose your clothes carefully: it should emphasize the merits, and not exaggerate the flaws. So youth clothing can rather emphasize age, but not rejuvenate in any way.

Maturity crisis and family relationships

Maturity crisis is associated with empty nest syndrome. The psychology of a woman is such that she is more attached to children, she has a stronger developed sense of love for them, responsibility for preserving the family. Therefore, she is acutely worried about the departure of children. There is a feeling of emptiness, the meaning of life is lost. The family is undergoing change, and this has an impact on the marital relationship. Both man and woman during this period are going through difficult times, therefore mutual support and understanding of each other is so important. Nobody and nothing prevents now from reanimating dormant or already fading feelings and fostering mature love. And this requires tremendous effort and intelligence.

• The time of crazy passions is a thing of the past. Surround your husband with care and love.
• Chat, remember, dream and make plans. Communication in adulthood brings spouses closer together, revives love and creates spiritual intimacy.
• Become a therapist for your spouse. As you go through the problems of your age, you are better able than anyone to understand your spouse.
• Take care of your appearance, take care of yourself. The attractiveness of the wife is an important factor in maintaining sexual relations in the family.

But it is especially difficult to overcome the crisis of maturity by a woman whose meaning of life was only children. With their departure, complete loneliness sets in for her, which complicates the course of menopause. It should be understood that this is an interesting time in her life. She is now free from many responsibilities and can take care of herself, her health and start a new relationship. Mother's love to children should be reborn into a feeling of friendship based on love and trust.

• Do not seek to connect your future life only with children. You have fulfilled your social mission: you have raised, educated and released them into adulthood. Give them the opportunity to become self-reliant and responsible.
• Analyze your life, think about your gains and losses. Remember what you dreamed about and what you failed to accomplish. Try to realize your unfulfilled dreams and plans.

It should also be noted that family relations during this period are undergoing a crisis. The number of divorces in people aged 45-50 is increasing dramatically. Spousal relations often do not stand the test of time. A woman, busy with her problems and worries, does not notice that her husband is trying to escape from the family. Cheating and subsequent divorce deal a colossal blow to a woman's physical and mental health. So life drives her to a standstill. The past is devalued, the present loses its meaning, there is no strength to think about the future. Psychological death sets in. But the woman will stand, time will help her to suffer everything. She will learn to cope with stress and be able to be reborn to a new life. She, a woman, is like a fabulous Phoenix bird, capable of being reborn from the ashes to a new life.

Maturity and sex in a woman's life

At all times and in all societies, sex was considered the lot of the young, but for mature people it shouldn't even think about it. Being a sexy man of any age is now accepted by society, but a middle-aged woman who shows a sexual interest in the stronger sex is perceived as something indecent. Few men and women are well aware of the physiological aspects of sexuality and the patterns of sexual activity.

The peculiarity of female physiology is such that it takes years for the development of her sexuality. And only by the age of 35 - 40 - 45, a woman's sexuality begins to flourish. This is physiology, and the head dictates a different behavior: "Old, it's too late and indecent to think about it." But here a certain contradiction is revealed: the sexual function of a man dies out much earlier than that of women. This is where the problem of 45-year-old spouses looms. What if the husband pays less and less attention to the sexual aspect of the relationship, and is completely akin to the TV or computer? After all, if female sexuality has been preserved in adulthood, if there is a need for sexual activity, then the rejection of it carries a danger to health. A woman herself should understand a lot. Having been married for 20 or even 30 years often extinguish feelings by themselves. The habit of seeing a wife unkempt, loose, eternally dissatisfied will not lead to the emergence of sexual desire, especially in adulthood.

So, a woman aged 45-50 will live an important stage in her life. With her mind and heart she stretches into the past (stop a moment), but the future is inevitably approaching. And right now you need to work on yourself in order to preserve youth and become a “berry again”.

After 40-45 years, men overtake a period that many call the "midlife crisis." For everyone, it comes and goes in different ways, depending on the true reasons for the appearance. Frequent mood swings, depression, anxiety about appearance, change in life orientations, the search for new love and sex on the side - this and much more happens to a person at this turning point in life.

If you do not understand the reasons and let everything go by chance, then often the stages of a midlife crisis end in sad events. Having figured out himself, a man is able to endure this period easily, and having made certain conclusions, you can change your life for the better, open up new horizons. Let's try to understand the problems typical for the crisis stage and avoid possible unpleasant consequences.

Reasons for the onset of the crisis

The age at which the phase of change can begin varies greatly. For some, it begins at the age of 40-46 or earlier. And someone after 50 years will say that he is happy, and he did not have any crisis.

In fact, character and life experience gained over the years play a big role in this. A person who has experienced many ups and downs, who has experienced many difficulties, both in work and in personal life, is more resilient and prepared for difficulties. It will be easier for him to cope with the difficult tasks that life presents after 40. Otherwise, it will be more difficult for a man to survive these years and learn a useful lesson for himself.

Changes occur in different areas of human life:

1. Love relationships and sex.
2. Work and social relationships.
3. Health.
4. Appearance and attractiveness.
5. Self-criticism.

Reduced sex life

This factor is very upsetting for the stronger sex. They think that in the eyes of their wife they have become unnecessary and helpless, as a result of which they close themselves from problems, which provokes the appearance of depression and lack of sex. Others begin to look for the cause of their sexual defeats in their spouse, thinking that she began to pay less attention to him, look with different eyes, and has ceased to be affectionate and tender.

At this moment, the search begins female attention on the side. Love exploits of such a plan for men who are no longer young end in infection with a venereal disease, physical fatigue and psychological trauma. There are cases in the end of which a heart attack and stroke are possible, since at the age of 45-50 years it is very dangerous to use dietary supplements to increase potency and increased physical activity is not recommended.

In most cases, wives who find out about such behavior of their spouses break down and file for divorce.

A man can also make a decision to dissolve a marriage, thinking that with a young wife he will gain former sexual strength, a large amount of love, affection and reach new heights. But, often, all this turns out to be an illusion.

Young girls become wives of much older men for financial gain.

Basically, a middle-aged man has sufficient material support and can quite suit his new wife in a prosperous life. However, such a marriage will not last long and will end not only in divorce, but also in the division of property.

To avoid such consequences, men are advised to pay attention to their wife or woman of equal age (if he is single or divorced). They can be united by common interests, mutual understanding, life experience - all this contributes to a calm and harmonious relationship. And it is also recommended to try something new in sex with a partner, it always brings the relationship closer and gives new breath.

Work and social relationships

Men prefer to think that their work will not go away from them, and that they can work at least until they are 80 years old. But this is not the case. Often they begin to experience the pressure of the team, there are tensions with their superiors, harassment by young employees. A person begins to think that they want to remove him from his post, reproach him, intervene in affairs.

All these are his phobias - he is afraid to seem unworthy of the position, inexperienced, afraid of reproaches from his superiors. As a result, he loses the support of management and colleagues.

It is recommended to behave calmly, not to show your fears, not to give out doubts about certain decisions - then both employees and management will not see and feel the man's insecurity about his own relevance at his work.

Attention! Do not think that experience and skills at work lose their value with age. Quite the opposite: if a man has achieved certain success in his career, then his professionalism will not lose its relevance due to the appearance of the middle.

Health

A man lives a sufficient segment of his life, acquires a family and experience, reaches a certain stage of the career ladder, and achieves financial well-being. It seems that all the goals that he pursued since his youth have already been achieved. Children grow up, leave to study or start a family, the wife is no longer so attractive, and health begins to fail.

Most are puzzled by the question: what to do, and what goals to pursue in the remaining period of life?

No one knows how long the midlife crisis phase will last, and it goes by differently for everyone. Some can cope with them in a year, others move to the next stage of the life cycle for years.

Several factors affect overcoming a difficult period:

1. Family atmosphere.
2. Strength of character.
3. Financial security.
4. The social status of a man.

One of the manifestations of the 45-year-old crisis is a sharp desire for a healthy lifestyle. People who have smoked and drank alcohol on holidays for many years suddenly start to worry about their health and quit. bad habits... Also strive to work out diligently in the gym.

A healthy lifestyle is good. But you need to know that a person who in his life devoted little time to physical exercises, and then began to sharply test his body for strength by exercising in the gym, jogging or other sports, runs the risk of severely deteriorating his health.

Male representatives should understand that at the age of 40, the heart and other organs are no longer the same as in youth, therefore, sudden physical exertion or restrictions on eating, in order to lose weight, can cause an irreparable blow to the body. As a result, there is a risk of ending up in a hospital ward with a long list drugs in hand.

Trying to return the relief torso, men refuses to eat harmful and high-calorie foods, which, in general, has a positive effect on the state of the body. But in pursuit of a beautiful body, some representatives of the stronger sex are fond of raw food and vegetarianism, and this can have an extremely negative effect on health. Indeed, with a normal diet, the body receives the required dose of trace elements from familiar foods.

Important! A man in adulthood, if he decides to make drastic changes in his physical form, requires a mandatory consultation with a doctor.

Appearance and attractiveness

In midlife crisis, a 45-year-old man is not averse to experimenting with his appearance. Representatives of the stronger sex realize that they are losing their former attractiveness, they want to change their appearance, hairstyle, clothes in order to seem more modern and younger.

Such behavior of an adult man causes only laughter in many people around. There are no prohibitions on changing the image, but this issue should be approached carefully, with the understanding that a man is no longer 25 years old, and skinny jeans with holes in the knees on it will look just silly.

Self-criticism

The male half of society often subjects themselves to self-criticism, comparing the successes in their lives with the achievements of other men. It happens when a person builds a good career, creates a great friendly family, buys an apartment and a car, remains dissatisfied with himself, knowing that his colleague or neighbor is more successful.

How older age, the more acutely this problem is felt. People become jealous of successful peers, become irritable and have poor emotional control, regret that they missed the opportunity to do better. An understanding comes that it is no longer possible to start something anew, and this brings the crisis into an even deeper state.

Tips for Overcoming Midlife Crisis in Men Over 45

It is possible to overcome the turning point in life without unpleasant consequences. First of all, a man must be patient and realize the fact that he will not be able to live as before. But this does not mean that ahead is a dull boring existence - everything depends on the desire of the person himself.

If you correctly define your goals, then you can live the second half of your life even brighter than youth. In addition, relatives should become the main assistants in difficult times: loving wife and adult children. They should support the head of the family and be sympathetic to his changes in mood and behavior. When harmony, mutual understanding and support reign in the family, any crisis period will pass without negative events.

A few more tips:

• It is required to remember that you should not think about the past, since it is impossible to change it. You need to concentrate on real, today's dreams, problems, opportunities, goals. Develop some steps towards a better future, not paying attention and not being equal to the life of strangers.
• At 40, life is just beginning. There are at least the same number of years of life ahead, which should be filled with joy, success, and gaining experience. There are many examples that men who crossed the milestone at 45 turned their lives around 180 degrees and started from scratch. The main advantage of this age is that a person has already acquired some experience and accumulated knowledge to achieve more mature and meaningful goals in his life.
• During a midlife crisis, due to physiological changes, a man loses his sexual power. This strikes at the feeling of manhood, but you should not increase your self-esteem through sex on the side. It is recommended to pay attention to your wife, because she, too, may be going through a similar crisis at this moment. And she also needs support. Knowing each other better than anyone, it is possible to overcome any difficulties together.

It is important to remember! Even an accidental betrayal will not give a feeling of former attractiveness and popularity with the opposite sex, but it can destroy the family happiness that has been built over the years.

• Do not neglect communication with your spouse and adult children. They will treat with understanding all the problems and concerns of the head of the family. A family for every man is a reliable support and support in overcoming even the most difficult situations.
• Being in adulthood, it is recommended to pay attention to healthy eating and playing sports (without heavy loads). Since the body after 40 years old loses its stamina, before deciding to exercise physical exercise, you need to consult a specialist. Large loads on the body can not only not improve health, but also cause irreparable harm. In pursuit of youth, you need to be careful.

Output

Like all difficult periods, the midlife crisis will also pass. And a new stage in life will come.

A man after forty-five years will change in character. He will become wiser, more confident in himself, the sense of responsibility will increase. More reverent will be the attitude towards the people who were around and supported him during this difficult time for him.

Every time we reach an age that ends in 0, we internally flinch. It is difficult to say what influences us so strongly - the magic of numbers or the fact that we, as the people say, exchange the next ten, but this does not improve our mood at all. Psychologists do not see this as surprising, because we are dealing with another age crisis. There may be several of them during life.

"I'm an adult already"

The first adult age crisis is approximately 20 years old, although it may start several years earlier or later. As a rule, it is associated with the fact that a person who was still a schoolboy or student yesterday, it is at this time that he enters adulthood and many problems immediately fall upon him.

First, you need to look for a job. In contrast to the Soviet era, when graduates of higher and secondary educational institutions - the so-called young specialists - were hired almost automatically, sometimes even against their will, today no one is doing this. As for potential employers, they are reluctant to hire yesterday's students, since they have no work experience. In addition, the housing issue needs to be resolved, especially if you already have a family, but there is no way to live in the parents' apartment. However, the absence of a family also does not add optimism: when "friends have been married for a long time," and we only dream of a prince, thoughts of our own insolvency arise.

This happens after a period of relatively comfortable and problem-free existence - as you know, "from session to session, students live happily, and the session is only twice a year." Therefore, it is not surprising that this time is a crisis and, in spite of youth, it brings sorrow instead of joy. True, the crisis softens the fact that a person has many illusions, because he believes that he still has his whole life ahead of him, and this corresponds to the truth.

Summing up the first results

Another crisis age is plus or minus 30 years. If before that time our hopes were growing, it seems to us that we still have time to do everything, then after 30 people begin to sum up the first life results in all areas of their lives. Although I do not want to do this. “How is it,” the person thinks, “I just started living, but it turns out that half of my life has already passed? So quickly ?! And what next?” It is popularly believed that if before that a person, figuratively speaking, only "goes to the fair", then after 35 years he begins to return from it.

Nevertheless, whether we like it or not, the results have to be summed up, and everything matters: whether a person has his own home or not, whether he has a good position, whether he has a family and children, where he rests and what car he drives. It is noteworthy that neither those who have achieved any success, nor those who consider themselves a failure, are usually dissatisfied with the results. The first one thinks that they have already done everything they could, and have run up against a certain "ceiling", the second, that since they have nothing now, they will no longer be.

Getty Images / Fotobank

Fourty years– woman's age

Plus or minus 40 is a classic midlife crisis accompanied by global depression. Women experience it less noticeably than men, so they do not make their loved ones suffer so much. But this does not mean at all that he bypasses us.

Most of all, the fair sex at this moment is not worried about work and career, as is the case with men, but about appearance. Of course, at 40 you see in the mirror something quite different from at 20, and this affects the mood and perception of the world. So the ladies rush, as they say, in all seriousness: they become regulars at cosmetology clinics, leaving whole fortunes there, and go under the knife of plastic surgeons, which, as you know, is also not the cheapest pleasure.

However, our life makes adjustments to everything, including psychological processes. The more women are engaged in primordially male affairs - business and politics, the more often they experience a midlife crisis according to the male scenario, which is characterized by a loss of life orientations, a reassessment of values ​​and abrupt changes in life and career. True, unlike men, women are worried not only because of their careers, but also because of their personal lives. By the age of 40, a woman who devotes all her time and energy to work, as a rule, has no family or children. And get it all, by virtue age characteristics is getting harder and harder. But women, even the most courageous, are easier to adapt to adverse circumstances. Therefore, in response to the saying "forty years is a woman's age", another was invented, according to which in "forty-five - a woman is a berry again."

Fifty– not sixty

Generally speaking, psychologists believe that, having “gone mad” at the age of 40-45, by the time we are in our fifties, we should come to emotional stability. In fact, a plus or minus 50 crisis is quite painful and is also accompanied by a psychological breakdown. At this time, we are most saddened by old age looming on the horizon and its faithful friend, pension: all this is lined up in an elementary logical sequence - since a pensioner, then an old woman, and such thoughts will knock anyone out of a rut.

It is not difficult to get rid of sad thoughts - you need to fill your life with deeds, then it does not seem boring or gloomy. It is said that age scares women the most because at this time they lose their power over men. It's time to remember that there are many other pleasures in life - the main thing is to be able to turn on the "mechanism" of substitution. Are men not paying attention anymore? Perfectly! This means that we will do something else - for example, we will start traveling around the world, fortunately, we now have such an opportunity. But, as a rule, only emotionally stable, mentally stable people are capable of this. However, as well as to not only come to terms with the thought of death, but also to accept it as the greatest blessing - the knowledge of death allows us to appreciate every minute of the time measured for us and to live it with taste. Moreover, nowhere is it written that after 50 years you cannot arrange your personal life - history knows a lot of examples of the opposite.

For help in disclosing the topic, we thank the psychologist Dinu Vasilchenko www.psymir.kiev.ua.

Alexandra Voloshin

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At the age of 45, many begin their second youth.

Most men give all their time to their family. A desire to travel, a thirst for new knowledge and hobbies awakens in them. Other men start to get nervous and rush about, not knowing where to put their energy. This is annoying, angry, and conducive to unexpected and sometimes stupid things. Men often start to panic when young specialists appear in the work collective. Panic leads to mistakes that can lead to losing your position. Therefore, the key to a successful career and full family life becomes calmness, respect for yourself and your opponents, the absence of posturing.

A woman at this age often strives for new knowledge. New young employees come to the company where she works, which creates psychological pressure. Therefore, the most logical way out is to acquire new knowledge, which, together with the accumulated experience, will bring either a promotion or a new high-paying position. This will add self-confidence, elevate a woman in her own eyes. Thanks to this, there comes an understanding that old age will not come soon, and you should not worry about wrinkles.

The need for sexual satisfaction also increases, which is not always understood by the husband, whose temperament has significantly reduced his energy. A full-fledged, trusting relationship with a woman can stabilize a man's sexual activity.

Physiology of age

The nasolabial folds become distinct, wrinkles at the inner and outer corners of the eyes are clearly visible. The body and internal organs are absolutely formed. Hair becomes thinner.

In men, baldness may begin, testosterone levels decrease, which does not affect the possibility of fertilization. At the age of 45, men begin to develop andropause, that is, male menopause. It has a strong effect on the cardiovascular system, which leads to the occurrence of various diseases, one of the consequences of which, without proper treatment, is death.

In women, the elasticity of muscles and ligaments decreases. The chest loses its elasticity and sinks, as the atrophy of the glandular tissue occurs. The amount of calcium in the body decreases, which increases bone breakage.

Age statistics

The population of the Russian Federation in this age period (45-49 years) is 12,067 thousand people. Of these, 5688 thousand are men, 6379 thousand are women.

Of the population of this age group employed in the Russian economy only 14.7%

Were you born in 1974 or 1975

MITS, led by Edward Roberts, designed and marketed the Altair personal computer, which consists of a power supply, i8080 microprocessor, motherboard, 256MB of memory and a front panel.

1975 - May 8. The USSR completed the construction of the first section of the BAM (Baikal-Amur Mainline) - one of the largest railways in the world.

December. Stephen Sasson created a digital camera, which as a result simplified the process of creating and processing images, improving their quality.

August 22. The automatic station "Luna-24" has returned from the Moon. It was launched by the USSR with the aim of delivering lunar soil.

1977 - January 1st. For the first time in the US Episcopal Church, a woman was ordained.

May. The consumer video cassette recorder was created by the Japanese company SONY.

1978 - January 23. For the first time in Sweden, the use of aerosols was banned, as they are harmful to nature.

22 of October. In the Vatican, the Pope was elected Karol Voytyl - John Paul II - a man who played a significant role not only in the spiritual, but also in the socio-political life of Europe.

1979 - May 4th. Margaret Thatcher became the first female prime minister in the British government.

For the first time, elections to the European Parliament took place. The process of political consolidation of European states began.

November 12. The Voyager 1 spacecraft flew 185 thousand kilometers from Saturn. Thus was obtained detailed information about the planet, its rings and satellites, and the discovery of 13, 14 and 15 satellites took place.

Implementation the latest technology which made it possible to print newspapers without human touch. The first newspaper published using this technology was the leading Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun.

1981 - October 23. Registration begins in South Africa mixed marriages as a challenge to the policy of apartheid.

1982 - September 14. The first commercial hearing aid ("artificial ear") produced by the Australian company Nakleus was implanted in a patient.

Scientist Robert Jarvik created an artificial heart. He developed and implanted a practical modification of the Jarvic-7 on December 2, building on the prototype base. Physicians have a new opportunity to save thousands of lives.

1983 - In Japan, an artificial human bone was created.

American geneticists Andrew W. Murray and Jack W. Shostak created the first artificial chromosome, which, due to the content of the yeast genome, could exist outside the set of chromosomes. This chromosome is used to clone large DNA fragments.

1984 - American surgeon W. G. Clewall of the University of Colorado underwent surgery on a child in the womb.

1985 - 16th of May. The beginning of the anti-alcohol campaign in the USSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council "on strengthening the fight against drunkenness."

November 19. The first meeting between Gorbachev and Reagan took place in Geneva. After that (two years later) “perestroika” began in the USSR - a complex of reforms in the social and economic spheres.

1986 - February 20th. The first manned research orbital station Mir-1, launched by the USSR, began to operate. She worked until March 23, 2001, after which it was incapacitated and flooded in the Pacific Ocean.

26 April. An explosion occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located near Kiev. The Soviet authorities spread the message about this only after Finland, Denmark and Sweden reported an increased background of radiation in their territories. To eliminate the consequences of the accident, about 600,000 people were involved, many of whom died from radiation sickness and other diseases associated with the results of radiation.

1987 - May 29. A small plane piloted by Matthias Rust, a 19-year-old citizen of West Germany, has landed on Red Square in Moscow.

The first experimental operation of laser vision correction was performed. It was carried out by Columbia University doctor Stephen Trockel, who, in collaboration with other scientists, published several papers describing the advantages of an experimental laser for corneal tissue in surgery to correct myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.

Yasser Arafat - PLO leader recognized the existence of the State of Israel.

1989 - January 11. The declaration on the prohibition of the use of poisonous gases, chemical and bacteriological weapons was signed by representatives of 149 countries.

March 27. A state of emergency has been declared in the United States after the damage to the Exxon Valdez tanker in Prince William Sound. As a result of this damage, on March 24, about 64 million liters of oil spilled into the sea.

November 9. The East German government announced the opening of the border with West Germany. On November 10, East Germany set about destroying the Berlin Wall.

1990 - August 6. The UN Security Council approved a resolution on the introduction of a military and trade embargo against Iraq. A protracted oil and military conflict with Iraq began.

November 22. The "iron lady" of world politics, Margaret Thatcher, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, has publicly announced her resignation.

December. In Croatia, a referendum was held on the withdrawal from Yugoslavia. The overwhelming majority of citizens voted for the exit. The formal disintegration of Yugoslavia began.

1991 - The 25th of January. Iraq is dumping oil reserves into the Persian Gulf. This threatens an ecological disaster.

December 8. Representatives of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine sign an agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, to which 5 more countries of the former Soviet Union will join on December 21.

December 25. Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev resigns. The USSR officially ceases to exist.

1992 - February 2. In many CIS countries, economic reform began, which consisted of price liberalization - the abolition of centralized price controls.

The beginning of the era of GSM communication. This year, Germany launched a GSM communication system, which was later used as a prototype for many operators around the world.

The 4th of October. Government tanks are shooting The White house in Moscow. As a result of the incident, 150 people die. The system of power in Russia has changed dramatically. This was the beginning of the creation of a presidential-parliamentary republic.

12 December. Referendum on the adoption of the Constitution Russian Federation... 58.4% of citizens supported the adoption.

1994 - January 31. The first images were demonstrated from the Hubble Space Telescope, which photographs galaxies at early stage their development.

the 6th of May. A tunnel under the English Channel was opened, connecting England and France. The total length of the tunnel is 50 kilometers, 38 kilometers under the sea itself.

December 11th. The fighting began in Chechen Republic... The fighting begins by the troops of the Russian Federation. Fighting did not stop until an agreement was signed to end the war in Khasavyurt (until 30.08.1996).

The first book on CD appeared in the USA. By the end of the year, most of the encyclopedias had been created or translated into this format.

1995 - 20th of March. In the Tokyo subway in Japan, nerve gas was used, the victims of which were 5 thousand people, 12 people died. On May 16, Soko Asahara, the leader of the religious sect Aum Shinrikyo, was arrested.

The first artificial liver was tested by German surgeon Peter Neu Hauz.

1996 - 4th of July. B.N. Yeltsin becomes president of the Russian Federation for the second time. This is the first time that the same person has been re-elected to the post of President of Russia.

A test for the detection of AIDS has begun to be used. The proteins produced by the virus were detected in the blood, which made it possible to diagnose the disease at an early stage.

1997 - February 22. Scottish scientists announced the birth of the only surviving embryo, a clone of an adult sheep. Dolly was born on July 5, 1996 without abnormalities and lived until February 14, 2003 as an ordinary sheep.

4th of July. A rover designed to collect and analyze Martian soils has landed on the surface of Mars.

1998 - August 17th. In Russia, the ruble depreciated, which led to an exacerbation of the economic crisis. The country's government has resigned.

September 24. The first transplantation of a deceased patient's limb to a living one took place. In the city of Lyon, France, a hand and forearm were transplanted.

12 December. The first organ transplantation operation for a child was performed in the USA. A three-year-old boy from Florida at a Pennsylvania hospital received a heart, lung and liver transplant.

1999 - January 1st. Most of the countries of the European Union have switched to settlements in the new European currency - the euro.

March 24. The first NATO air raid was carried out on Yugoslavia. The US invaded a sovereign state that was not threatened by a third party.

2000 - 26 March. Election of V.V. Putin to the post of President of the Russian Federation. Official inauguration took place on May 7.

A robotic developmental doll was created in the USA. She knew how to talk, laugh, cry, blink, make grimaces. In the process of communicating with people, she increased her vocabulary and reached the developmental level of a two-year-old child.

The first medicinal products were created in Novosibirsk, to the usual name of which the prefix "Bifido" was added. They contain a liquid concentrate of bifidobacteria, which have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora, prevent the development of pathogenic microbes and nourish the body with B vitamins and vitamin K. Such products quickly gained popularity among customers.

2001 - January 15. The official launch of the English site Wikipedia, a resource that today has become an assistant in the rapid acquisition of encyclopedic data in all spheres of life, has taken place.

11 September. The largest terrorist act in the history of the world has been committed in the United States. As a result, the Pentagon was damaged, the Trade Center was destroyed, and human losses amounted to about three thousand people.

2002 - January 1st. The European Union introduced euro coins and banknotes, which became the single currency for most EU countries and played an important role in stabilizing the global European economy.

October. After 50 years, the restoration of the railway between North and South Korea began.

October 23. In Moscow, Russia, Chechen terrorists took hostages at the Nord-Ost theater center on Dubrovka. 3 days later, on October 26, during the assault by special forces, all the terrorists were killed. One of the hostages died from a bullet wound, the remaining 116 people died from the effects of the gas used during the assault.

2004 - Bloodless revolutions took place in Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, as a result of which more democratic leaders came to power.

The 1 of May. The European Union expanded its scope by adding ten new countries.

2005 - 5 January. Discovered Eris - the largest of the dwarf planets in our solar system.

2006 - March 29. On the territory of Russia, the first total eclipse of the sun could be observed in the 21st.

24 August. Scientists have stripped Pluto of planetary status. This decision was made at the congress of the International Union of Astronomers in Prague, Czech Republic.

2007 - Geneticists have discovered modifications in the human body that are responsible for the development of certain diseases. It became possible, after DNA analysis, to identify a predisposition to certain diseases.

November 4th. Presidential elections were held in the United States. The head of state was the first black president in the history of the state - Barack Obama.

2009 - August 17th. There was a disaster at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station. Hundreds of people became victims. The cause of the malfunction was a series of defects and a failure in the redistribution of electricity in the power system.

2010 - 18th of March. Russian mathematician Grigory Perelman proved Poincaré's conjecture, which was considered one of the unsolvable Problems of the Millennium. For this, the Clay Mathematical Institute awarded him a prize of $ 1 million, which he refused.

April 10th. A plane crash took place over Smolensk, in which Lech Kaczynski, the President of Poland, his wife Maria Kaczynska, the high military command, Polish politicians, as well as religious and public figures (97 people in total), died.

The first living cell was created, in which its own DNA was replaced with artificially created DNA. Humanity has received new tools for the development of technologies for artificial growing of organs.

2011 - 11th of March. In Japan, off the northeast coast, there was an earthquake, the magnitude of which reached 8.9. As a result of the earthquake, a devastating tsunami occurred, as a result of which over 15 thousand people died, several thousand are considered missing.

May 2. Was killed Osama bin Laden - terrorist number 1 in the world, the leader of al-Qaeda, who, in particular, is believed to be responsible for the terrorist attack "September 11".

September 7. A plane crash of an international charter flight took place near Yaroslavl. On board the plane was the team of the hockey club "Lokomotiv", which flew to Minsk. 44 people died, only one survived.

2012 - February 21. In Moscow, in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, a scandalous punk prayer service by the PussyRiot group took place, three members of which were detained by the police.

December 1. Russia topped the Big Twenty (G20) - a forum of representatives of the most developed economies: Australia, Japan, Argentina, South Africa, Brazil, South Korea, Great Britain, France, Germany, Turkey, India, USA, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Mexico, Canada, China.

2013 - February, 15. In the Urals, a meteorite fell - the largest celestial body that collided with the Earth's surface after the Tunguska meteorite. Because of the "Chelyabinsk" meteorite (it exploded in the vicinity of Chelyabinsk), 1,613 people were injured.

February, 15. Asteroid 2012 DA14 flew by at the minimum distance from planet Earth (27,000 km). In the entire history of astronomy, this was the closest distance.

18th of March. Vladimir Putin signed an agreement on the admission of the Crimean Peninsula and Sevastopol to Russia. This agreement begins to operate from the moment of ratification by the Federal Assembly - on March 21.

2015 - Jan. 7. A terrorist attack took place in the office of the satirical magazine "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris, based on a caricature of the Prophet Mohammed previously published in the magazine. 12 people were killed, 11 people were wounded.