The death penalty by strangulation appeared in Europe at the dawn of the state building of the Franks and Saxons and became extremely widespread due to its simplicity and entertainment.
Forensic medicine has long and accurately described the physiology of this process. Suffocation of a person is conventionally divided into 4 stages and is characterized by pronounced external signs. the complexion changes to a dark brown color, the eyes roll out and the tongue falls out of the mouth (this is a consequence of the increase in blood pressure in the blood vessels of the head), the muscles contract convulsively. If we add to this the reflex emptying of the stomach and bladder, which occurs approximately in the 2nd minute of suffocation, then it becomes clear why the barbarians of the 6th century AD. e. I loved hanging my enemies so much. the enemy in the noose shit in his own pants, emitted a disgusting stench, wheezed and twitched, and therefore became unusually funny.
From the point of view of the technique of execution, hanging at that time was a rather primitive and crude process. a rope was placed around the death row's neck, from which he was supposed to hang without support. A knot was made on the rope, self-tightening under the influence of load, into which the free end of the rope was threaded, thereby forming a loop. To improve slippage, the rope was wetted or soaped. Since the latter did not guarantee a good result, around the 18th century, English executioners abandoned weaving knots and began to thread the rope through an woven brass ring.
Traditional hanging, in which the support was knocked out from under a person, did not at all guarantee a quick and reliable death. The thick rope did not tighten well, especially when there was a small person in the loop; the thin rope stretched strongly and could break. The need to quickly kill the condemned forced the executioner to actively intervene in what was happening, and medieval chronicles contain many indications of exactly how this happened. the executioners pulled the hanged men by the legs or jumped on their shoulders. Such executioner somersaults, of course, added to the spectacle of the execution, but they also usually served as the reason for the rope to break. If such a break occurred and the person sentenced to death was still alive, he had the right to ask for the execution to be cancelled; Hanging a second time was considered completely inhumane.
When hanging, death occurred due to the following reasons. a) asphyxia; b) fracture of the spine at the base of the skull with rupture of the spinal column; c) rupture of the jugular vein and, as a consequence, a violation of the blood supply to the brain? as well as severe internal hemorrhage. Often these reasons were combined. Rupture of the jugular vein usually occurred when a rope knot was placed behind the left ear, so the executioners different countries Traditionally, and without talking to each other, the knot is placed on the left side of the back of the head, which is why hanged people have their heads tilted towards the right shoulder - please note, this is often clearly visible in archival photographs!
For greater edification in medieval England, hanging on the gallows was supplemented with the so-called. "hanging in chains" The meaning of this measure was that after the usual hanging, the criminal was wrapped in chains and hung over the city gates or over the market squares for many months, so that their bodies would admonish honest citizens with their appearance and stench. Over time, this procedure became more complicated and the bodies of the hanged began not only to be wrapped in chains, but to be attached to a special metal cradle (or frame), made ahead of time according to the standards of a particular criminal, and this cradle, along with the body, was hung for public viewing and for the edification of descendants. “Hanging in Chains” was established by the Decree of the English King Richard the Second of August 3, 1381. It makes sense to quote it. ". to forge iron chains and hang the villains with them on the gallows where they were executed; and the villains must hang until the flesh begins to slide off them, and the inhabitants must endure the stench." It is pleasantly pleasing to see the trembling concern about the inconvenience caused to civilians, which is clearly read in the last words of the quoted fragment; it is clear that the Emperor was not alien to certain ideas about public education and upbringing (even if misunderstood).
The tradition of "hanging in chains" took root in England; Apparently, in some way she deeply impressed the mentality of this people. The last person "hanged in chains" was a certain Robert Cook; and this was in 1834.
Since 1540, hanged people in England began to be handed over to doctors for autopsy. At first, the quota was 4 bodies per year, and from 1752 - after the adoption of a special murder act by Parliament - all the corpses of those hanged began to be transferred to universities. Their study showed that the people who die most quickly in the loop are those who received a fracture of the cervical spine as a result of hanging spine. Such a fracture occurred in the event of a fall of a body with a noose around the neck from a certain height; usually this kind of damage was found in sailors who were hanged on yards (because they were pushed from Mars).
This observation prompted English executioners to create and use the so-called method in their practice. “new drop”, in which the hanged man’s body was given the opportunity to fall from a certain height and gain speed before the noose was tightened around his neck. The height of the fall of the body when using the "new drop" was 1 - 1.2 m and varied depending on the personal judgment of the executioner, or technical features places of execution.
when using the “new drop” method, it became very important proper preparation hanging rope. The new rope, capable of stretching, could significantly weaken the force of the push when braking, and thereby save the life of the executed person. There are cases from history when criminals, by bribing the executioner, specifically instructed him to use a completely new rope (one of such cases is briefly described in the section “From the history of death sentences, executions and torture (interesting statistics and facts).”, which can be read on ours. website). To eliminate this kind of situation in English prisons, a tradition arose in the case of using a new rope, a day before the execution, to hang a bag of sand on it, the weight of which would be equal to the weight of the person being executed. During the day the rope was pulled; To imagine how significant this process was, one can refer to the experience of the English executioner James Barry, who wrote that the rope was designed for a load of 5 tons from a bag weighing 90 kg. per day it thins by almost 15%.
(A necessary digression. You can get an idea of ​​how important this procedure is from the materials of the investigation into the “Decembrist case.” From the report of the capital’s chief of police, it is known that two of the executed fell out of their loops after they had their feet knocked out from under them. bench. This incident gave rise to the widespread myth that the ropes had broken. But this was not the case. The new ropes, of course, were strong enough and could not break. Simply due to the fact that they had not been subjected to preliminary pulling with a load, the loops of these ropes could not be tightened around the neck with due speed and the death row's head slipped out of the noose. This is how O. A. Przhetslavsky, a witness and participant in those events, described what happened. “It was already five o’clock in the morning when they began to execute the main criminals. Pestel, Kakhovsky , Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Ryleev. They were placed on the mentioned bench in a row, at a distance of some half a larshina from each other. Caps were put on their heads, which were pushed over their faces, covering them completely, starting from the neck and in the entire length of their legs, they put on white aprons and tied them at the back at the top and bottom so that their arms and legs were swaddled in an apron. Finally, they put nooses around their necks, which would... drag on and hold the executed in the air when the bench is taken away from under their feet. But then the famous stunning episode followed. The ropes were new and tight; when they pushed the bench away, the heads of the two middle ones in the row of convicts stuck down through the loose loops and they fell heavily to the ground. Only three hung. This fall made an amazing impression. (.) These were Ryleev and Bestuzhev. They say that when he fell, Ryleev exclaimed. "We're a failure in everything!" About a quarter of an hour passed before they were put on the bench again, the ropes were straightened, and meanwhile, those who had been hanging before were spinning on the ropes in their death convulsions." Domestic executioners took into account the mistake made in May 1826 and such a mistake was not repeated.)
Lawrence Shirley, Earl of Ferrers, was first hanged by the new-drop method in 1760.
About 100 years later the British perfected this technique. State executioner William Merwood proposed the long-drop method in 1880. Merwood proceeded from the fact that, due to anatomical features, the force required to break the neck would be purely individual. It is obvious that the neck of an obese person, lacking muscles, will break more easily than the neck of a lean and muscular one. Therefore, large and fat men can be thrown from a lower height than small and lean men. Merwood experimented a lot with the length of the rope and eventually obtained some empirical dependence of its length (and, accordingly, the height of the fall of the body with a noose around the neck) on the weight and build of the person being executed.
When using the “long drop” technique, the magnitude of the body fall compared to the “new drop” significantly increased and exceeded 3 meters (more precisely, for a person weighing 89 kg it was 3.2 meters, and for a 50 kg person - 4. 0 meters).
In 1885, English Colonel Alton Bisham proposed the design of a collapsing scaffold, which became universal for all gallows in the country. The prison reform of 1890 unified hanging and English gallows received the form in which they existed until the abolition of the death penalty in the country.

For the English method of hanging, after the reform of 1890, it became traditional to use a gangplank arranged in such a way that the condemned man descends to the gallows from top to bottom (rather than ascending steps from below). They were proposed by the already mentioned executioner James Barry, who noted that the climb to the gallows is psychologically very difficult for a death row inmate. he either begins to actively resist, or, on the contrary, collapses in a heap and refuses to go. The standard rope length was determined to be 13 feet (3.95 m); for suicide bombers of non-standard weight and physique, it was allowed to be arbitrarily changed. In 1890, the reuse of the same rope, as well as the retention and resale of already used ropes, were prohibited. along with the clothes of the hanged man, they were subject to burning (all of the original hanging ropes now stored in the Tussauds Museum were acquired by the museum before 1890). The same decree of 1890 by the British Home Secretary introduced regulations on tying the hands of the executed person; That's why I dressed up as a suicide bomber leather belt, to which his elbows were tied, his wrists were grabbed leather strap, which is why the hands were fixed in front of the chest in the “praying position.”
English gallows were usually located in buildings no lower than the third floor; under them they cut through the floor down to the basement in such a way that a kind of well with a depth of at least 5 meters was formed under the hatch. It was into this well that the suicide bomber fell with a noose around his neck. The prison doctor approached the body to confirm death after 40 minutes of the executioner being in the noose.
If English executioners sought to turn hanging into a process as quick and painless as possible, then fascist executioners, on the contrary, set themselves the task of causing the greatest suffering to the person being executed.
To execute Soviet intelligence officers from the “Red Chapel”, and subsequently other state criminals, the Gestapo in 1942 developed a method of strangulation, which was fundamentally different from the traditional hanging discussed above. In order to reduce the execution to strangulation and eliminate the possibility of a broken spine or rupture of any large vessel in the neck, they abandoned the cornerstone principle of hanging - the movement of the body under the influence of gravity. It was decided to strangle people by smoothly lifting their bodies upward; In order to prevent the rope from stretching, it was decided to abandon it in principle - the Germans used thick metal strings from a piano. In practice, this idea was implemented as follows. a noose made of string was thrown around the neck of the person sentenced to death, the other end of a five-meter string was securely fastened to the floor; the string was thrown over a hook that was connected to a winch; when the winch was turned on, the hook began to slowly rise upward, pulling the string along with it. What happened next is easy to imagine. after free movement was selected, the hook began to smoothly lift the body of the executed person, causing him to suffer severely from asphyxia and without causing other damage.
This is exactly how Admiral Canaris was executed in April 1945. Schellenberg's memoirs say that the execution of the former Abwehr chief turned into torture. he was strangled five or six times, rendered unconscious, and then brought back to life.
With such an execution, the element of torture was prevalent, so to speak, fundamentally important. It was known that the Gestapo had made a propaganda film in which such an execution was demonstrated in great detail. In preparation for the Nuremberg trials, the Allies spent a lot of effort searching for him, since the very fact that the fascist state used such a deliberately painful method of executing its opponents eloquently testified to the inhumane nature of the government. As far as the author knows, nothing was ever discovered by the Allies; Obviously, the Nazis fully understood the revealing nature of such material and destroyed all copies of it in advance.
It must be said that they were hanged in the Soviet Union.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 19, 1943, the death penalty by hanging was introduced in the country. This Decree covered both the Germans, who had stained themselves with massacres of Soviet citizens, and their accomplices. This Decree was very widely applied; executions were carried out in many cities (Krasnodar, Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Minsk, etc.) with large crowds of people. There were no uniform rules. somewhere stationary gallows were built, somewhere (specifically, in Leningrad) the role of a scaffold was played by the bodies of trucks, which drove to the side, leaving the hanged men without support under their feet. There are quite a lot of film materials that capture all these procedures in detail. No one in the USSR tried to reproduce the English hanging technique, obviously due to its complexity, but no one allowed Gestapo torture either.
In 1949, Minister of Internal Affairs Kruglov presented a memorandum to Polybruro, in which he provided some statistics on executions by hanging. According to the NKVD-MVD, a total of 66 German soldiers and officers were hanged, in addition, another 18 executed had the rank of general. Those executed belonged primarily to the SS troops and were tried in open court for crimes against civilians. By the way, not all SS men brought to trial were sentenced to death; at the trial in Leningrad, for example, out of 11 convicted, 3 were sentenced to death. different deadlines imprisonment in camps (8 people were hanged accordingly). In total, executions of German prisoners by hanging were carried out in 8 cities of the USSR.
The number of accomplices of the occupiers executed by hanging at that time is unknown (we would be grateful if someone would tell us such statistics, or indicate the original source where it can be seen). But there is no doubt that the number of hanged accomplices is significantly higher than the 84 captured Germans. Executions of accomplices of the occupiers were carried out everywhere in the liberated territories, in almost every big city.
In Spain and many countries Latin America with a traditionally strong Spanish influence, the technique of garrote strangulation, a rope noose, was used instead of hanging. This procedure was legalized by the Spanish king Ferdinand II (reigned 1814 - 1833). The person sentenced to garrote strangulation was seated on a chair with his back to a vertical pillar; The suicide bomber's arms and legs were tightly tied to a chair. The rope was wrapped around the neck, the ends of the rope were passed through the holes in the post and tied in a knot. The executioner threaded a stick between the rope and the post, rotating it to tighten the rope around the throat.
Over time, this execution was improved and the rope was replaced with metal arches, which were tightened by rotating a screw.
Garrote was more effective way execution in comparison with traditional hanging, although it was inferior to the English “long-drop” method.
In general, execution by strangulation must be recognized as inhumane, extremely inhumane. In addition, hanging does not guarantee a 100 percent execution rate for the death row inmate. As the practice of autopsying the bodies of hanged people has shown, many of them still have a heartbeat even long after death has been declared; The history of criminology knows a lot (counting hundreds) of cases when hanged people returned to life not only after being removed from the loop, but even after burial.
It was for reasons of humanism and achieving the effectiveness of punishment that European civilization practically abandoned all types of execution related to the strangulation of a conscious criminal.

http://murders.ru

Button loops on women's clothing they are performed on the right shelf or on the left side of the back. Loops on men's clothing- on the left shelf or on the right side of the back. If the fastener is located on the side, then the loops are always made on the front part.

Modern sewing machines are equipped with special automation for fast and easy buttonhole sewing. In addition to buttonholes that are sewn by machine, there are also buttonholes that are sewn by hand: linen buttonholes, eyelet buttonholes, tailor’s buttonholes, and especially beautiful overcast buttonholes.

It doesn’t matter which loop you choose for your product, but be sure to When processing loops, consider the following:

■ On fastener strips or their imitations, the loops must be vertical and located in the middle of the straps. All other types of fasteners have horizontal loops. To finished product the button is located exactly in the middle of the clasp, start the loop approx. 2 mm to the center line.

■ The pattern has markings for the location of the loops. The length of the loop must be marked in accordance with the diameter of the button. In this case, the length of the loop is finished form equal to the diameter of the button plus its height.

■ Before making a buttonhole on your finished garment, try sewing it on a piece of the exact same fabric.

Linen loop

To make linen loops, the fabric must be folded in half and reinforced gasket or folded in three layers. The length of the loop is marked on the front side of the fabric. Sew with ordinary threads, and when thin fabrics Threads are used for machine embroidery and darning. To achieve a strong overcast stitch with uniform stitch heights, machine stitching needs to be done around the buttonhole markings.

Cut the loop in the middle, making sure not to cut the stitches at the ends of the loop (1). Protect the edges of the cut from fraying with oblique overlock stitches (2). Then sew the loop with a buttonhole stitch. Run the seam from left to right, this is the most convenient way to work. Insert the needle behind the edge of the loop from the wrong side (3). Pull the thread, leaving a small loop. Insert the needle into the loop from back to front (4). Tighten the thread. The resulting nodule should lie exactly on the edge of the incision.

When one side of the loop is sewn, tack at the end. To do this, sew the fabric several times with double-height stitches (5) and wrap these stitches tightly around them, slightly catching the fabric (5a). Then sew the other side of the loop in the same way and make another fastening at the other end of the loop. Fasten the end of the thread to the wrong side of the fabric.

Loop with eye

Horizontal loops, for example on blouses, are made with an eyelet.

This loop differs from a linen loop in that the front end of the loop is rounded. To do this, the front end of the loop is overstitched with stitches diverging in the form of a fan. The knots on the curve are slightly pulled up (6). At the other end of the loop, a tack is made.

Tailor's loop

Tailor's buttonholes are used on jackets and coats. To make the loop more flexible, it is overstitched with special threads, placing a thin cord inside the overstitching.

Mark the length of the loop on the right side of the fabric. Cut the loop and finish the front end of the cut (where the button will be) with an expanding wedge or circle punched using a hole punch.

Protect the edges of the cut from fraying with oblique overlock stitches, rounding them off at the front end. Stretch a string (7) along one edge of the cut. Then, at the end of the loop, start overcasting with a loop stitch, insert the needle behind the edge of the loop from the wrong side. Place the thread behind the point of the needle, then pull the needle (8) through the thread. Pull the thread tightly. The knot should lie on the edge. At the rounding of the loop, also stretch the lace and pull the knots up a little. After processing the rounding, stretch the lace along the other edge of the loop and sew it in the same way.

At the end of the loop, fasten (as on a linen loop). At the end, pull the lace tightly again, straightening the “eye” with an awl, and sew the lace on the wrong side.

Machine sewn buttonholes

Modern sewing machines are equipped with automation, with which they can make not only linen buttonholes, but buttonholes with an eye. More detailed information you will find in the instructions for your sewing machine. However, even on a regular sewing machine, without special automation for sewing buttonholes, you can sew buttonholes with a zigzag stitch.

THIS IS DONE AS follows

Mark a loop on the right side of the fabric. Use a machine to sew a tight zigzag stitch with a stitch width of 2mm. Place the needle in the left position and stitch the left half of the loop. At the end of the stitch, return the needle to the middle position, increase the stitch width by 2 times and make 3-4 stitches for fastening. Reset the stitch width to 2mm. Using a hand wheel, insert the needle into the center of the bartack. Raise the foot and turn the fabric with the needle around the needle. Lower the paw. Raise the needle, move it to the right position and sew the second half of the loop. Attach the end of the loop. Cut the loop in the middle.

How to sew a button

Basically, buttons are divided into two types: buttons with a foot or metal loop and buttons with two or four holes for sewing.
Sewing on buttons with holes, they always make a “leg” from threads. Only decorative buttons are sewn without a “leg”, because buttons, as a rule, are intended for fastening clothes.
Places for sewing buttons are marked in accordance with the location of the loops on the product.

Marking the location of buttons

Pin the sides of the fastener, aligning the lines of the middle so that the side with the loops is on top. At the front/top end of the loop, insert a pin vertically into the bead below. Carefully remove the loop from the pin upwards and secure the pin to the side. The place where the pin is inserted is the place for sewing on the button (1).

Sewing on a button

It is sewn on with double regular or special thread for sewing on buttons. To prevent buttoned buttons from being pressed into the bottom side, they are sewn “on the leg”. The height of the “leg” depends on the thickness of the fastener side. With your left hand, hold the button at the required distance above the markings on the bottom edge (2). It will be easier to sew on a button using a match (3). The match is removed before wrapping the “leg” with thread. Having twisted the “leg” (4), the thread is pulled to the wrong side and secured. Buttons that must be sewn especially firmly are sewn with a subbutton on the wrong side of the product (5).
Buttons with a stem or a metal loop, as well as decorative buttons, are always sewn on without a “foot” made of thread.

The Lynch Knot, how it came to be and why, requires a deep dive into English history.

The Lynch knot or Lynch loop, as it is also called, appeared quite a long time ago, but its original name was lost and therefore unknown. This knot was used in maritime affairs for fastening gear and was a strong, evenly tightened loop.

In those days, the death penalty was practiced, namely cutting off the head. These executions were carried out manually and therefore were not always successful. Often the execution turned into a mockery of the executed. Particularly famous was Jack Ketch, who served the English kings Charles II and James II from 1663 to 1686. He was distinguished by inability and often thoughtful sadism in the execution of his sentence. This is what prompted the authorities to find new types and devices for more humane executions.

This is how the gallows appeared, and the knot that was used for hanging was borrowed from maritime practice. This is how he received his first name, which has survived to this day - gallows. Otherwise it is also called scaffold.

This knot became a Lynch knot two centuries later, at the end of the 1860s, when in America, during the Civil War, freed slaves began to take revenge on their former masters. A slave who raised his hand against a white man was executed by hanging on the spot, without trial. Such a hasty execution began to be called a lynching. According to one version, the name arose in honor of the American judge Charles Lynch, who practiced hanging in the War of Independence. According to another, it was formed from the surname of Captain William Lynch, who introduced the “Lynch Law” on extrajudicial corporal punishment. For the sake of fairness, it is worth noting that this law of 1780 did not say a word about the death penalty. However, during the hanging, the same sea knot was used, which this time began to be called the Lynch knot.

Areas of application

The Lynch knot is widely used in maritime affairs. They are used to temporarily attach a cable to objects floating in the water. Or they use it when throwing and attaching a cable to any object on the shore.

In addition, it can be used when fishing to connect fishing line and gear, and also as a throwing weight.

The Lynch knot is very reliable because the end of the cable cannot slip out of the loop if it becomes loose.

Throughout their lives, absolutely all people encounter one type of knot or another. And in fishing practice, the ability to make knots and loops is simply necessary. The inability to assemble equipment correctly can become a serious problem for a novice fisherman, because even such a small thing as the correct loop on the fishing line sometimes “makes” the whole fishing trip.

Before you begin to study the art of knitting loops, you should first understand in which fishing designs these elements are found. It’s worth noting right away that when starting to study the art of fishing, you should forget about the skills of tying fasteners that you used in everyday life.

Float fishing

It is not uncommon among floaters to become interested in fishing in tandem using different baits. To do this, the float is equipped with several hooks on a single main thread. There are two options for attaching an additional hook: it is fixed on the main fishing line, clamping it at the top and bottom with locking knots, or a leash with a hook is attached to a loop on the main fishing line. The latter option is considered more convenient, since in this case the second leash can be removed at any time if the angler decides to change fishing tactics. A loop is also made directly at the end of the leash itself, or the fishing line is simply tied to the loop.

Using loops in knitting float leashes

Spinning

Non-tightening loops and an indispensable attribute of spinning fishing. Here rings of thread are used on leashes and for attaching them to the main line. If a fisherman uses special metal leashes, then most often he also attaches them through a loop to the main fishing line. To fix baits (wobblers, spinners), spinners knit self-tightening thread rings, better known as “”.

Spinning fishing, which uses a retractable bait, also involves the use of loops. They can be replaced with swivels, but many use the old-fashioned connection through loops: one is made on the main line, the second on the end of the lead.

Loop-to-loop leash attachment.

Bottom fishing

Assembling rigs for feeder fishing, as well as equipment for donks, is impossible without the use of a loop structure. Knitting a non-symmetrical loop is useful for fixing the feeder in the equipment. The hooks are fixed to the leashes using a loop-to-loop connection. Carp fishers also practice using retractable and stationary structures.

Winter fishing

In winter fishing, the use of loops is limited, however, some anglers do not neglect this method of installing reelless jigs so that they are located inside a free loop. It knits very simply.

Placing girders and “harvesters” on large fish is also accompanied by tying rigs and using loops of various types.

How to knit loops?

In order to make a loop on the fishing line, you can use a special device - a looper. This is a hook with which you can make a simple loop for a leash in a few steps.

Without the use of special tools, a simple loop on a fishing line is made as follows:

1. The fishing line is folded into two threads.
2. The place of the bend in a particular case will be the end of the fishing line.
3. We wind the double fishing line around our fingers and thread the free end into the resulting ring.
4. Tighten and align.

An ordinary loop can also be knitted in another way. The fishing line is also split in half, the free double end with a bend is the working end. They need to make several turns around the main line and pass into a temporary ring. Before tightening, the diameter of such a loop can be adjusted.

The principle is the same as the “eight”

The self-tightening loop requires special attention. It is created on the main line, and with its help you can quickly tie a lead or tandem leash. The tying scheme is as follows: a “ring” is formed on the main line. Then the fishing line is taken above the ring and passed into the loop in a loop. Then it slides along the main line and tightens spontaneously. Such a tightening loop is also called a sliding loop, or a noose. It is used not only in fishing practice, but also in everyday situations.

Remember that before tying a loop on the fishing line, you should prepare a small amount of liquid. Before tightening, any loop should be slightly moistened.

Feeder "thing"

The Gardner loop is the know-how of feederists. This is not just a fixation option, but the name of one of the types of feeder installation itself. This is enough complex knitting, it uses several types of loops:

1. First you need to make a loop at the end of the fishing line. To do this, you can use any of the instructions described above for tying a blind loop.
2. Then step back 10-12 centimeters from the end loop and make a large diameter loop to which the feeder will be fixed.

In feeder rigs, tying a loop is often used to divide the main thread into two ends. In this case, tie a large loop at the end of the fishing line and cut it down the middle. You can tie a feeder to one end and a hook, for example, to the other.

The best loop

According to many fishermen, the loop connected with the figure eight is the strongest. To do this, you need to grab the fishing line with your fingers in the place where the equipment will be, and pull the large ring to the side, twisting it in the form of a figure eight. Then the upper crown of the figure eight must be bent and passed into the lower loop through the bottom, as shown in the picture. After this, the loop can be tightened. It is very durable and immovable.

Tying loops and various knots is an integral part of fishing. It is best to prepare the tackle at home, and tie all the fastening elements on the fishing line at home, without fuss. Storing finished leashes is easy using special containers that you can make yourself or buy in a special store. Boxes for leashes are equipped with fastening mechanisms on both sides, which allows you to always keep the finished equipment elements straightened.

Welted loops (from time to time come in handy when I sew clothes for dolls) are a big headache, because they are needed small (on doll clothes) and very strong (because children are not always neat). I usually did it by car, but then I found another wonderful material from Frosya Burlakova- on how to make slotted loops by hand.

Hand-cut loops are a delicate matter, almost jewelry work... Yes, no, nothing particularly complicated, but everything must be very thoughtful, consistently and accurately executed, a missed nuance will definitely affect the result. I’ll be honest: no one taught me this. I slowly learned it myself :). You too will learn. Be brave, they are very beautiful!

There are dress loops here, so as not to clutter up the essence, maybe. for coats you also need a thick thread.

That's how much it takes to fasten one button - in the photo on the right.

We act consistently. All work is done on the face. Fabric - cotton cambric.

The distance between the loops is from the pattern or by calculation.

The width of the loop is best marked using a paper strip.

Then it will turn out the same for all loops. A strip with a width of button diameter + 2 mm per button thickness.

I do it with a pencil, and in reality with a disappearing felt-tip pen.

2. Pulling out the thread.

The loop must be cut exactly along the thread. IMHO, it is very unpleasant for my eyes when a loop moves even one thread along the inner or outer edge from the weft or warp. This often happens on machine loops.

If you have an absolutely precise eye and tool, then you can cut between two threads. This is also possible if the fabric threads are thick or sparse. If not, then I cut and pull out 1 thread along the width of the loop. This is the site of the future cut.

3. Bonding layers.

At a minimum, there are 2 layers of fabric in the loop, and there may also be a spacer. If it is not there, then it is better to add it locally in the form of a rectangular piece about 3 by 1 cm.

The layers of fabric for the loop need to be fastened together for work. The point is that they should not move during operation.

The classic method of fastening is small oblique stitches along the perimeter of the loop, 5 mm away from the future cut. Draw a rectangle like this around with stitches. I'm not showing this.

A method of fastening using thin double-sided adhesive is also suitable. So I glued a narrow strip of double-sided adhesive to the location of the future loop. The top and bottom are fastened.

4. Piercing the peephole.

I don't have a punch or special scissors.

For a small eye of dress loops, an awl or knitting needle is quite suitable.

First, I mark the location of the eye with a needle somewhere 1-1.5 mm from the edge of the loop.

Then I widen the hole by rotating the awl in it. Eye diameter - mm 2.

In this case, the threads only become denser around the eye hole.

5. Stitch around the loop.

It is necessary that the edge of the loop does not stretch (for horizontal loops it is weft). I take a thin silk thread. It may not be very thin, depending on your taste and the fabric. Maybe not very silky. But it’s long. It’s better to make the entire loop from start to finish with one thread; there’s no need for extra fastenings.

1 thread of my fabric has been pulled out.

I'm retreating one more thread.

And between the retreated and the next thread I draw a forward needle around the perimeter with small stitches. You can put several on the needle. You need to start from the far side of the loop where the tack will be.

Then I circle it a second time. Total - a continuous stroke. I tighten the thread quite tightly, not loosely. You don't have to worry about the evenness of the stitching by varnishing it with a stitch.

If you wish, you can make the outline around the future eye rounded, but, in general, this is not important.

The loop, of course, needs to be cut.

We put the scissors into the peephole and carefully cut along the pulled out thread.

7. Stitching the straight side.

You should also start it from the far side of the loop, where the outline ends. It goes from left to right, so we sew the bottom side first (for women's clothing). It is more convenient to stitch from top to bottom, holding the loop vertically.

For overcasting you need SEAM No. 6 - DOUBLE LOOP. I talked about him in the thread about air loops. The beauty of the result is in the countability. We make each subsequent puncture through the same number of threads. I did it through 2 threads - for this fabric it is approximately 0.7 mm. The fabric density is 25 threads per 1 cm in the warp and 14 threads per 1 cm in the weft.

The stitch laid earlier should not be located along the edge of the cut, but close to the punctures of the stitching - it’s more beautiful. (Therefore, if a wider stitch is planned, then the stitch can be laid 1 thread of fabric further from the cut).

I like the stitching that is not wide and not continuous. This makes the transition from fabric to loop look more natural.

Here I make punctures, leaving 2 threads of weft and 1 thread of laid stitching under the stitching.

Very important.

When tightening the loop, I pull the thread slightly back.

It is then that the edge of the loop turns out taut and clear. If you pull straight up or slightly forward, the edge relaxes. The pull is quite strong.

8. Stitching the eyelet.

We sew the eyelet in a circle, maintaining approximately the same distance between the punctures.

Along the eye itself, the thread will thicken and form a dense scar.

9. Closing the loop.

The second side of the loop is sewn like the first, and now I have come to the beginning.

This is where the fastening is done.

But first I close the loop, those. I move with a loop stitch to the first side.

Three ways. I'll say right away that I like the third one. That's why the first one doesn't have pictures.

1) Lay several loop stitches, grabbing the fabric, perpendicular to two sides.

2) Sew a cross stitch forward on the needle several times in place (this can be seen in the first picture, you can leave it like that).

3) Overcast the tiny arc obtained in step 2) with a double loop. Make a tiny transverse air loop like this.

All done with sewing! If it’s new, then not even a year has passed :). If the first stitch took you less than an hour, then you are an exceptionally capable student :). But even with a lot of experience, this is not a quick task. 15 minutes is very good, 10 minutes is great.

Cover the cut with oblique stitches and iron it. It’s you, dear girls:).... If you know how to do it neatly, you can do it without basting - it’s more relevant on thick fabrics... Here she is, this beauty!

No, really, it’s beautiful, tell me? Even very much, my dears!... It’s even better in nature, I’m telling the truth.