When it comes to Latin American holidays, then many people only hear Brazilian Carnival... But on the territory of the continent, there are other events that are sometimes so unusual that guests from other countries hardly understand what such a massive celebration is about.

One of the most unusual Latin American holidays can be considered the "Celebration of the Fight" or "Tinku", which is held in Bolivia. At the same time, the first surprise here can be considered the fact that the holiday is taking place not in one of the large Bolivian cities, but in the territory of a small local village of Acazio. The festivities, if I can call it that what happens here, are as follows: the priest, having finished his Mass, gives the signal to the participants to start the battle dedicated to the harvest. After this signal, the Indians begin to beat each other with fierceness, demonstrating their strength and joy over how much corn has been grown this year. Surprisingly, both men and women beat each other. At the same time, there are no restrictions in the fight. You can hit anywhere and with anything. Sometimes it can go down to lethal outcome one of the participants in the battle. The Bolivian authorities do not prohibit the holiday, if only because this tradition is already several hundred years old. Tens of thousands of tourists and participants in Indian fighting without rules arrive at the strange action in Acazio.

Among the unusual Latin American holidays the Mexican holiday of laughter stands apart. We celebrate it on April 1st, while the people of Mexico celebrate it on December 28th. At the same time, the origins of the holiday have nothing to do with humor, because its official name is the Day of Innocent Babies of Bethlehem. And this holiday is connected with the killing of babies by King Herod. Indeed - at first glance, it is not at all laughing. However, on this day, every Mexican considers it his mission to deceive his comrade, a passer-by, a merchant. Why? Yes, everything is that when the Virgin Mary was carrying Jesus, Herod's guards stood on her way, who wanted to take the baby away from her. But the Mother of God offered up a prayer to heaven and instead of a baby, the soldiers saw a bouquet of roses in the bundle. They had to let go of Maria. It was this story that gave rise to general Mexican joy. On this day, even shopkeepers need to keep their ears open so that an overly cheerful city dweller does not take a parcel of cheese or other products out of the store without paying. However, on this day in Mexico, even the thief will be treated with understanding.

To unusual holidays in Latin America is a holiday dedicated to voodoo shamans in Jamaica. On this holiday, several hundred voodoo shamans gather in one of the coastal cities of the island, who compete in their paranormal abilities... They say that at this holiday you can witness levitation, reincarnation and other unknown phenomena. At the same time, the holiday of shamanism is accompanied by frequent sacrifices, for which to an ordinary person will look unpleasant. The inhabitants of Jamaica itself are enthusiastic when a shaman pierces himself through with a red-hot metal rod, stopping the blood with one touch of the little finger.

Latin American Holidays, as we already understood, do not always represent the processions and mass festivities that are familiar to us.

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ORIGINS OF CELEBRATION Of the day of the dead found in the ancient cultures of the Aztecs, Maya, Purépecha, Nahua and Totonacs, who performed special rituals 3000 years ago that symbolized Death and Rebirth... The Indians were convinced that death is transformation, and no one disappears without a trace. Were carried out cults in praise of the god of death- Mitsteccihuatla dedicated to both the dead and newborns. Shamans kept the skulls of the dead as trophies and decorated the sacrificial altar with them during important ceremonies.

The ancient tribes of Kitu and Kara, inhabiting the territory of Ecuador, believed that a person comes from the womb and goes into the womb. They practiced burial in large clay pots, in which the body of the deceased was placed in the form of an embryo. An earthen vessel was lowered into a pit, and there was food, utensils, and jewelry that could be useful to the deceased in his afterlife. A semicircular vault was erected over the grave, resembling nothing more than the belly of a pregnant woman ...

The Spanish conquerors were horrified by the pagan savagery. In an attempt to convert the Indians to their faith, restrictions were imposed on the performance of rituals, including the date of this holiday was changed to November 2 - and from now on it began to coincide with the Catholic All Saints Day and Commemoration of the Dead(supplication for souls in purgatory).

Although the origins of the Day of the Dead originate in Mexico, the holiday has become popular in many countries of Latin America, and everywhere with its own characteristics, and in each case you can find echoes of ancient tribal rituals:

IN MEXICO Day of the Dead is the most popular holiday. People go to the cemetery at night to decorate the graves with orange flowers. In every house, an altar is erected in honor of the deceased relatives, their photographs, favorite food and drinks are placed on it, so that at night, when the deceased visits the house, he would remember the tastes of his worldly life. Special folk craftsmen make masks in the form of wry smiling amusing skulls and corpses. Children on this day are the luckiest ones - ghosts turn into good heroes who give them sweets and candies. And if your Mexican friend on this day presents you with a sugar skull with your name on its forehead - do not be offended, because skulls on this day are traditional gifts. Many even rhyme verses for their friends about meeting death. Day of the Dead is widely celebrated in cities and countryside, and this holiday is best observed in Patzcuaro and Oaha.

IN GUATEMALA there is an opinion that blessed souls leave cemeteries and appear in different places. These days, the living see ghosts or hear strange sounds that indicate the presence of their deceased relatives.

IN PERU there is a custom - the night of offering to the dead. Peruvians believe that souls oversee the preparation of altars in homes. Friends and relatives gather at the house of the deceased to commemorate him. During this meeting, it is customary to talk about the deceased over a cup of strong coffee.

IN NICARAGUA take this day very seriously, going beyond the usual celebrations. Nicaraguans go to the cemetery at night to sleep on the grave of the deceased - such a peculiar way of honoring the dead ... Not everyone is capable of such feats, do you agree?

IN ECUADOR this holiday turns into a real feast. Families gather at the cemetery at the grave of the deceased and “share with him” a traditional meal: bread in the form of a baby “guagua de pan”, washed down with a thick jelly drink called “colada morada”. This drink is prepared on the basis of corn flour, blackberries, cloves, sugar and myrtle. Relatives discuss the problems and news of the family so that the deceased was also aware of the events that took place after his death. The local Indians have a tradition of "feeding the dead" - they make a hole in the ground at the supposed location of the mouth of the deceased. Food and drinks are placed in the hole. Only after the "dead man has eaten" can the living begin their meal. In some regions, weapons and objects that were important for the deceased in worldly life are also brought to the grave, evoking the spirit of the deceased, fortune telling on the bones to find out his opinion on some issues, and in some cases this even helps to resolve family differences ...

Based on materials from www.viajeros.com

Cuba
On the territory of Cuba, Christmas as an official holiday was recognized only 13 years ago. Since this state declared itself a purely atheistic power under the influence of communism and socialism, since 1969 the celebration of Christmas has been suspended here.

However, in 1997, President Castro once again raised Christmas to the rank of public holidays to honor Pope John Paul II during his visit to this Latin American country.

Today Christmas for Cuba has become one of the most enchanting celebrations: millions of Cubans gather on Christmas Eve in numerous temples and churches in order to personally hear the bell ringing announcing the coming of one of the greatest holidays on our planet.

Like most of the world's population, Christmas for Cubans is primarily a Christmas cake and numerous sweets with ripe Cuban fruits. However, unlike most European countries The main dish for Christmas is the traditional Christmas turkey, Cubans cook pork with beans, served with the original apple cider.

Argentina
In Argentina, everything seems to be traditional. The whole family gathers for the last dinner of the outgoing year - they sit down at the table around 11:00 pm and wait for midnight when the fireworks are lit. After the youth goes to new year parties to clubs and dances there until the morning. And on the first day of the new year, most people will certainly go swimming in rivers, lakes or public pools. As a Christmas tree in Argentina, as in Uruguay, the majority of the population installs traditional pine needles, decorating it with golden stars, glass balls and candles. All gifts take their place of honor at the house by the Christmas tree, where another indispensable attribute is the presence of a small container, a feeder, in which, according to history, Jesus was born. The magic Christmas evening in these countries is also certainly decorated with flower arrangements: since the celebration of Christmas falls here at the very height of summer, there are no special problems with the acquisition of fragrant bright inflorescences here. Women adorn themselves with flower necklaces, and especially large and bright flowers are attached to their hair.

It is worth noting that, despite the Christmas traditions of most countries, Christmas in Argentina and Uruguay is not a cozy quiet family holiday, but rather fun and larger picnics with a trip to nature.

Brazil
On New Year's Eve, all Brazilian cities host great parties, especially in Rio de Janeiro. Pyrotechnic shows are held on the beaches. Once upon a time, fire shows were part of religious rituals, but now for Brazilians they have become simply colorful performances that attract, among other things, crowds of tourists. Preparations for the party begin on the morning of December 31st and the action unfolds at midnight. All are accepted to wish each other love, health, money in the new year. The largest such show attracts several million people. One of the most popular Brazilian fun is a play show in which several women try to kidnap the newborn Jesus from his cradle, and the task of the rest of those present, respectively, is to prevent them.
Mass festivities and processions are accompanied by the indispensable tasting of Brazilian Christmas dishes. Small canapes, an abundance of sweet pastries and plenty of red wine. To attract good luck in the coming year, Brazilians usually wear white clothes.
After midnight, you must definitely jump over seven waves and, having made a wish, throw flowers into the sea. It will bring good luck and wealth. People believe that the goddess who protects the sea will help wishes come true. Candles are lit on the beach in the sand. Such traditions probably originated from a mixture of African and Indian cultures that developed in Brazil and spread from coast to coast.

Colombia
In some cities in Colombia, it is customary to burn an Old Year effigy. The process requires the indispensable involvement of the whole family. All together are engaged in the manufacture of a large doll, symbolizing the outgoing year, and stuff it with all sorts of things. The objects that the doll is filled with are often symbolic - usually things that bring sadness or bad memories. Or just all sorts of unnecessary junk. The main requirement is that it burns well. To make the spectacle even more exciting, several firecrackers are hidden inside.

Mexico
New Years in Mexico are celebrated with family and friends. Having settled down in front of the TV, the Mexicans wait until the clock strikes midnight, and with each blow of the chime they try to eat a grape, having managed to make 12 wishes. Then everyone hugs and congratulates each other. Very often, in order to find love in the new year, people wear red underwear, this tradition, however, is more popular among women. Some start pacing in front of the house with a suitcase - this is to travel more in the coming year.

Venezuela
And in Venezuela, in order to attract good luck, it is customary to wear yellow underwear on New Years. As in Mexico, when the clock strikes midnight, everyone tries to eat 12 grapes. Some write wishes in a letter, and then they burn it so that no one can read what was conceived, otherwise it will not come true.

Chile
Santa Claus in Chile is called nothing less than Viejo Pascuero (Christmas Old Man), who, like his European counterpart, visits numerous Chilean homes, heralds the coming of Christmas and presents the household with pleasant Christmas gifts. However, according to the legend (in contrast to the European scenario of Santa Claus), Viejo Pascuero gets into the houses of Chileans not through the chimney (since, due to the hot climate, such construction methods in Chile did not find their application), but through the window.
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Here you can see what

The highest metropolis in the world is El Alto (a suburb of the Bolivian capital La Paz). 4200 meters above the sea. Here, due to the lack of oxygen, every step is difficult, but Morales' supporters build barricades from morning to evening, fleeing gas grenades and bullets that whistle like combat. About what will happen next, the highest caste of sorcerers Aymara (Indian people in the Andes) guess at the coca leaves. “The sacred leaf shows that serious problems await us,” says the shaman. And it is not excluded that the people will raise the same sacred signs at the next assault: when the spirit of the sacred coca or wind says to fight.

Sixty percent of Bolivia's population is Indians, with Indian laws and customs, a sacred cult of the devil and leader. The overthrown Morales, no matter how politician he was, was Aymara, his boyfriend. They listened to him and heard him, but he had to flee to Mexico, from where he could not shout to his own people.

Evo Morales, President of Bolivia: “After the coup, 30 people died in our country. Once again, in front of everyone, I urge you to calm down and calm Bolivia so that there will be no more deaths! "

“Now we want a civil war,” shout supporters of Evo Morales, who have stretched many kilometers across La Paz. They walk towards the presidential palace and the most important question is how the police officers will meet the whole procession.

Morales' departure destroyed the balance in the conflict country. The country was headed by the opposition vice-speaker of the Senate, Jeanine Agnes. But Morales' supporters will not forgive the very fact of her presence: especially her haute couture outfits instead of the cholita bowler hat and her racist ideas instead of the brotherly Indian rhetoric.

Janine Agnes, and. O. President of Bolivia: "I dream of Bolivia without the satanic rituals of indigenous peoples, the city is not made for the Indians."

But it suits Washington, which was waiting for revenge for the unsuccessful coup in Venezuela. Janine, as expected, exchanged curtsies with the impostor Guaido. She vows that she will not start hunting for Morales' supporters, but Evo's daughter, planning to stay, hastily flies to Lima. Agnes promises elections, but does not name the date, simultaneously changing the country's foreign policy. Cuban doctors and diplomats from Caracas have already been declared persona non grata.

Karen Longaric, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia: "This is a step towards the official severance of diplomatic relations, because we decided to immediately recognize Juan Guaido."

According to this logic, Agnes's team will have to break off relations with Colombia, if the pro-American Ivan Duque cannot resist there. The president has already imposed a curfew, limited the sale of alcohol, and closed land borders. Almost three hundred people were injured in the riots, which are recognized as the largest in recent history country. The authorities warn that protests from neighbors will be childish babble if the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) partisans get involved. For more than half a century they have dreamed of a Bolivarian revolution, and now is the case when they can risk clearing Bogotá of local leaders with an American passport.

Trump's support does not even save Pignera in Chile, although there are no guerrillas there. Santiago has been demanding the president's resignation for exactly one month. Already more than twenty killed, more than two thousand wounded. But Piñera does not go away like Morales, although human rights defenders ring all the bells: this is the bloodiest repression since the days of Augusto Pinochet. Piñera must not go away: here is the financial center of Washington on the whole continent. So important that even bitter opposition in Congress becomes obedient on the right day - and Chile will rewrite its constitution for the first time in its democratic history. Congress promises a new set of laws, but it will be passed by the old team of the right. As in Bolivia, the authorities in Chile give themselves a reprieve until next year: elections are promised in La Paz, here - a constitution.

Every Latin American country is rich in festivals and holidays that are celebrated at the regional or national level. The state, barely visible on the world map, nestled on the shores of the Pacific Ocean between Guatemala and Honduras is no exception. The territorial dimensions do not play a role in matters of history and culture, and can demonstrate the unique archaeological sites of the Mayan civilization, the colonial temples of their picturesque towns and the most interesting holiday customs, the origins of which are traced back to the depths of time. Today we will look at the most significant events of the November festive calendar of El Salvador.

On November 2, everyone celebrates ( D í a de los Difuntos ). This tradition is based on an ancient Indian cult, and even Catholic priests could not eradicate it, turning it into All Saints Day. For the Salvadorans, the Day of the Dead means much more - the country has plunged into armed conflicts more than once, and there are losses in every family. By tradition, by this date, the graves of loved ones are put in order, they are decorated with flowers and pumpkin is boiled in sweet syrup. In the evening, family meetings are arranged with a traditional dinner and conversations about the departed loved ones.

In the second week of November, during three days From Friday to Sunday, the Municipality of Concepcion-Quetzaltepeque in the Chilatenango Department will host the Hammock Festival. Its history has been going on since 1986, but the textile tradition has already existed for more than 130 years, so it can be said about its transmission from generation to generation. The organization of the Festival is coordinated by the local House of Culture and the parish, and dozens of hammocks of different sizes and colors are being prepared for the holiday, which will be offered to tourists. Their prices are different, the average is 15 US dollars. At the textile fair, and are also sold.

The National La Pupusa Festival will take place on November 11. Pupusa is the most famous dish made from corn or rice dough with different fillings. Since 2005, the date of the Festival has been approved at the legislative level as the National Pupus Day, and now it is held every second Sunday in November. Each of the departments has its own traditions of spending this day, which boil down to the preparation of these delicious cakes of different sizes and with different fillings.

On November 21, in the city of San Miguel, the final stage of the annual Carnival, or Carnival, will begin, which coincides with the feast day of the Virgen de la Paz. The Carnival was originally a simple fair. It was arranged on May 8, and merchants from different countries Latin America. Over the years, the fair has evolved into a colorful show with music and folk dances, and it now compulsorily includes the election of a queen, a parade and a competition of ensembles representing municipalities. The motto of the carnival: "Neither the poor, nor the rich, nor the young, nor the old, nor the white, nor the black, nor the man, nor the woman - everyone is in San Miguel, everyone is at the carnival, everyone is equal."

Latin America is a region that attracts tourists with its ancient history, culture, and of course a unique atmosphere. Bright holidays celebrated by Latin Americans deserve special attention.

Brazilian Carnival - a celebration of millions

On the opening day, thousands of its participants dress up as nuns and take to the streets of the city. This custom has a perfectly logical explanation. According to legend, once the nuns ran away from the monastery for the sake of a colorful show and returned to their monasteries only on the last day of the carnival.

The Brazilian Carnival is considered one of the largest and most spectacular shows in the world, with about two million people participating in it. The city is decorated with beautiful decorations and illuminations. Water battles, dances of all peoples of the world, bright costumes - immersion in this atmosphere will be remembered for a long time and will give you a lot of positive impressions.
Tickets should be purchased in advance, prices start at $ 500. You can also purchase costumes and take part in this great show.

The date of the: depends on the Catholic calendar. The end of the festival also means the beginning of Lent. In 2018, they will celebrate from 9 to 14 February.

Pisco Sur cocktail day in Peru

Every year, on the first Saturday of February, a holiday begins in the country, which includes contests, fairs, concerts. The main attribute is “the most elegant cocktail in Latin America”, prepared on the basis of pisco grape vodka.

On the day of the holiday, a cocktail is handed out for free on the streets. Great way for a tourist to get acquainted with the taste of this drink. After the tasting, a large-scale celebration begins. People are sincerely having fun, dancing, singing. If you want to be a part of this holiday, go to the south of the country, where the most grandiose sight awaits you.

The date of the: annually on the fourth Sunday in July.

Tinku - the feast of the "fight"

The residents of Bolivia did not stand aside either. The holiday, which will be discussed below, is one of the most exotic. The name itself tells us that it is not dancing and fun that captivates people on this day, and not even alcoholic drinks, but a fight.

This holiday has its own traditions. Before the main act begins, the priest reads a long Mass. Only after the padre utters "amen" does the battle begin, in which men and women of all ages take part.

The blood that flows from the wounds is absorbed into the ground. This gift is believed to increase yields. Tinku is held twice a year, during sowing and harvesting. This tradition has come from ancient times, and the inhabitants of the village of Akazio make sure that it is observed. She is quite brutal, there are no rules in battle.

Dates: in May and September.

The day of the Dead

It is celebrated annually on November 2. On this day, people remember the dead.
Each country has its own characteristics of the celebration. Mexicans decorate the graves of the dead with orange flowers. In the houses in their honor, an altar is erected, on which photographs and the deceased's favorite food are placed. Mexicans give each other sugar skulls. In Nicaragua, people spend the night in a cemetery to show their respect. Ecuadorians are having a feast at the cemetery. On this day, some families read on the bones, there is a belief that the deceased will help them solve problems and answer difficult questions. Latin Americans consider death a natural event, so no one is sad on this day.

Fiesta del Fuego, a celebration of lights

The hottest holiday on our list is the Fire Festival in Cuba. It lasts from the third to the ninth of July. On the streets of the city, local vocal and instrumental ensembles perform, which, with their music, give the holiday an extraordinary mood. At every step there are food stalls and the traditional Cuban drink, rum.

At nightfall, the city is illuminated by many burning torches. The most interesting part of the event begins: a fire show and performances of fakirs. The holiday ends with a magnificent fireworks display.
This holiday is a great opportunity to get acquainted with the unusual color of Cuba, see the Fire Parade and take part in the ritual burning of the symbolic figure of the devil.
The festival is free of charge, which makes it especially attractive for tourists.

Among the many Latin American holidays, there is one that stands out sharply from the rest. El Día de Muertos - the day of the dead - will seem wild to a CIS resident who is used to seeing death as something extremely gloomy. This day, celebrated annually on November 1 and 2, has a rich background.

The origins of the holiday

The roots of the celebration go back to pre-Columbian America. The Mayans, Olmecs and Aztecs, 3000 years ago, performed rituals designed to honor the souls of the dead. The skulls of the deceased relatives were kept in homes as interior items. During various rituals, they were shown to the rest of the Indians, they were proud of them as a family heirloom.

The religious meaning of the celebrations was to demonstrate respect not only for the dead, but also for the goddess of the underworld Miktlansihuatl. The goddess in the minds of the Aztecs and Maya was cruel, and she was supposed to make sacrifices. The sacrifices were human, but other gifts, food, or crafts were also brought.

When the conquistadors sailed to America, the proto-Day of the Dead became a unique holiday that withstood the onslaught of European culture. The Spanish Inquisition and the Catholic Church have failed to eradicate the centuries-old Indian traditions. Moreover, centuries later, the holiday has become popular among white-skinned people.

Such an attractive death

Miktlansihuatl was portrayed as a skeleton woman dressed in a rattlesnake skirt. Over time, the eerie image of the goddess of death was replaced by Katrina.

Calavera Katrina is death portrayed as attractively as possible. Her skull is decorated with flowers, she is dressed in bright dresses and wears a hat. The world owes the emergence of a cheerful image of death to the Mexican artist Jose Guadeloupe Posada, who depicted Katrina in zinc engraving at the beginning of the 20th century.

When the Day of the Dead is celebrated, a girl is chosen to be Katrina during the ritual. She is inflicted characteristic makeup... There is no standard, but the basics - flowers, black shadows around the eyes on a deathly pale face and a mouth bared in a smile - are always there. Katrina doesn't have a monopoly on makeup. On the contrary, other celebrating girls and boys use colors and costumes.

Altar and bread of the dead

The second most recognizable symbol of the holiday is the ornate altars. On November 1 and 2 in Mexico, they can be found everywhere: in homes, on the street and even in offices. The deceased's favorite things are placed on the altars: food, drink, toys, books, clothes, and so on. The gifts to the dead are called ofrendas. Candles are always lit, sometimes incense is smoked.

Candles have a magical meaning, and it is not like the one we give to candles in churches. The Indians believed that if the deceased did not light a candle, he would be forced to set fire to his finger in order to find his way home.

It is curious how a purely pagan tradition was transformed and taken root in modern Catholic Mexico. The beginning of the holiday coincides with a significant event for all Christians - All Saints Day. On the Day of the Dead, it is believed that the altars will brighten the days that the soul of the deceased spends in Purgatory before being sent to heaven.

The holiday itself is divided into two days. On November 1, at Dia de los Angelitos, babies are commemorated, whose souls went to the afterlife. The next day comes the turn of adults - Dia de los Difuntos.

It is November 2 that Europeans associate with the Day of the Dead - and this is mainly the merit of the Catholic Church, which managed to shift the date of the ancient holiday and turn it into something more or less Christian.

To further delight the deceased and themselves, Latin Americans have invented the signature dish of the holiday - the bread of the dead. This is a fragrant bun, to which the zest of oranges is added, Orange juice and sugar. Recipes vary, but the delicious result is always on altars or on tables in Mexican homes. Often a dough ball is made at the top of the roll, symbolizing the skull.

Customs and traditions

In addition to specific outfits and special cuisine, the Day of the Dead has acquired many different traditions:

• In Mexico, the holiday has become so gigantic that whole parades of the Dead are held there, always led by the chosen Katrina.
• On this day, it is customary not only to organize an altar, but also to have fun in the cemetery, showing respect for the dead, brightening up their days in the afterlife.
• There is no homogeneity in the holiday: different cities in Latin America see the Day of the Dead in their own way. For example, in Oaxaca, street processions of dancers with puppet puppets are held. In the small town of Pomuch, in the state of Campeche, graves are torn open and the bones of the dead are literally washed, then buried again.

A specific attitude towards death is manifested, for example, in the behavior of children. Little Latinos play with little coffins and skeletons, help sculpt humorous coffin and skull cakes, and so on. During the Day of the Dead in Mexico, the expression “laughing death in the face” takes on a whole new meaning.

It is impossible to list all the nuances associated with a centuries-old tradition, I will dwell only on the main facts:

• figurines of Katrina are sold in abundance in Mexican shops;
• competitions are held to determine the most luxurious altar of death;
• Day of the Dead owes much of its fame to James Bond. He is depicted in the opening scene to the film Spectrum;
• in 2003, the Day of the Dead was recognized as a UNESCO heritage;
• in the cemetery it is not forbidden not only to sing and dance, but also to drink alcohol. All for the amusement of the deceased!

The Day of the Dead remains a feature of Mexico and Latin America. Unlike Halloween, it is hardly celebrated outside these countries, but the day retains its genuine charm.