Test. Characteristics of speed as a physical quality

15.05.2020

Under speed abilities understand the capabilities of a person, ensuring that he performs motor actions in the minimum period of time for given conditions. There are elementary and complex forms manifestations of speed abilities. Elementary forms include reaction speed, speed of a single movement, frequency (tempo) of movements.

All motor reactions performed by a person are divided into two groups: simple and complex. The response with a predetermined movement to a predetermined signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction. Examples of this type of reaction are the beginning of a motor action (start) in response to the firing of the starting pistol in athletics or swimming, the cessation of an attacking or defensive action in martial arts or during a sports game when the referee whistles, etc. The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - the time period from the moment the signal appears to the moment the movement begins. The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports characterized by constant and sudden changes in the action situation (sports games, martial arts, alpine skiing, etc.). Most complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are a “choice” reaction (when, from several possible actions you need to instantly choose one that is adequate to the given situation).

In a number of sports, such reactions are simultaneously reactions to a moving object (ball, puck, etc.).

The time interval spent performing a single movement (for example, a punch in boxing) also characterizes speed abilities. The frequency, or tempo, of movements is the number of movements per unit of time (for example, the number of running steps in 10 s).

IN various types motor activity, elementary forms of manifestation of speed abilities appear in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of speed abilities. These include: the speed of performing integral motor actions, the ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible and the ability to maintain it for a long time.

For practice physical education highest value has the speed at which a person performs holistic motor actions in running, swimming, skiing, cycling, rowing, etc., and not the elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes a person’s speed, since it is determined not only by the level of development of speed, but also by other factors, in particular the technique of mastering an action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, etc.

The ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible is determined by the starting acceleration phase or starting speed. On average this time is 5-6 s. The ability to maintain the achieved maximum speed for as long as possible is called speed endurance and is determined by distance speed.

In games and martial arts, there is another specific manifestation of speed qualities - the speed of braking, when, due to a change in the situation, it is necessary to instantly stop and start moving in a different direction.

The manifestation of forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors: 1) the state of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular system; 2) morphological features muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., on the ratio of fast and slow fibers); 3) muscle strength; 4) the ability of muscles to quickly move from a tense state to a relaxed one; 5) energy reserves in the muscle (adenosine triphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - CTP); 6) range of movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints; 7) ability to coordinate movements during high-speed work; 8) biological rhythm of the body’s vital activity; 9) age and gender; 10) high-speed natural abilities of a person.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the speed of the following five phases: 1) the occurrence of excitation in the receptor (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) involved in the perception of the signal; 2) transmission of excitation to the central nervous system; 3) transfer of signal information along nerve pathways, its analysis and formation of an efferent signal; 4) conducting an efferent signal from the central nervous system to the muscle; 5) excitation of the muscle and the appearance of an activity mechanism in it.

The maximum frequency of movements depends on the speed of transition of the motor nerve centers from the state of excitation to the state of inhibition and back, i.e. it depends on the lability of nervous processes.

The speed manifested in integral motor actions is influenced by: the frequency of neuromuscular impulses, the speed of muscle transition from the tension phase to the relaxation phase, the rate of alternation of these phases, the degree of inclusion of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the movement process and their synchronous work.

From a biochemical point of view, the speed of movement depends on the content of adenosine triphosphoric acid in the muscles, the rate of its breakdown and resynthesis. In speed exercises, ATP resynthesis occurs due to phosphocreatine and glycolytic mechanisms (anaerobically - without the participation of oxygen). The share of an aerobic (oxygen) source in the energy supply of various high-speed activities is 0-10%.

Genetic studies (twin method, comparison of speed capabilities of parents and children, long-term observations of changes in speed indicators in the same children) indicate that motor abilities significantly depend on genotype factors. According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is approximately 60-88% determined by heredity. The speed of a single movement and the frequency of movements experience a moderately strong genetic influence, and the speed manifested in integral motor acts, running, depends approximately equally on the genotype and environment (40-60%).

The most favorable periods for the development of speed abilities in both boys and girls are considered to be between 7 and 11 years of age. Slightly slower growth various indicators speed continues from 11 to 14-15 years. By this age, the results actually stabilize in terms of the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements. Targeted influences or activities different types sports have a positive effect on the development of speed abilities: those who train specifically have an advantage of 5-20% or more, and the growth in results can continue up to 25 years.

Gender differences in the level of development of speed abilities are small until the age of 12-13 years. Later, boys begin to outperform girls, especially in terms of the speed of integral motor actions (running, swimming, etc.).

Tasks for developing speed abilities. The first task is the need for comprehensive development of speed abilities (speed of reaction, frequency of movements, speed of a single movement, speed of integral actions) in combination with the acquisition of motor skills and abilities that children master during their training in educational institution. For a teacher of physical education and sports, it is important not to miss junior and middle school age- sensitive (especially favorable) periods for effective influence on this group of abilities.

The second task is the maximum development of speed abilities when specializing children, adolescents, boys and girls in sports where reaction speed or speed of action plays a significant role (short distance running, sports games, martial arts, luge, etc.).

The third task is to improve speed abilities, on which success in certain sports depends labor activity(for example, in flight, when performing operator functions in industry, power systems, communication systems, etc.).

Speed abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In progress sports training An increase in the speed of movements is achieved not only by influencing the speed abilities themselves, but also in other ways in types of activities of a high-speed nature. This is due, firstly, to the extreme intensity and mental tension of the exercises; secondly, because it is inappropriate to perform them in a state of fatigue associated with a decrease in the speed of movements. The rest intervals in a series of speed exercises should be such that you can perform the next exercise at a speed no less high than the previous one.

Speed abilities are understood as the capabilities of a person that provide him with the performance of motor actions in a minimum period of time for given conditions. There are elementary and complex forms of manifestation of speed abilities. Elementary forms include reaction speed, speed of a single movement, frequency (tempo) of movements.

All motor reactions performed by a person are divided into two groups: simple and complex. The response with a predetermined movement to a predetermined signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction. Examples of this type of reaction are the beginning of a motor action (start) in response to the firing of the starting pistol in athletics or swimming, the cessation of an attacking or defensive action in martial arts or during a sports game when the referee whistles, etc. The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - the time period from the moment the signal appears until the moment the movement begins. The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports characterized by constant and sudden changes in the situation of action (sports games, martial arts, alpine skiing, etc.). Most complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are reactions of “choice” (when, from several possible actions, you need to instantly select one that is adequate to a given situation).

In a number of sports, such reactions are simultaneously reactions to a moving object (ball, puck, etc.).

In various types of motor activity, elementary forms of manifestation of speed abilities appear in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of speed abilities. These include: the speed of performing integral motor actions, the ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible and the ability to maintain it for a long time.

For the practice of physical education, the greatest importance is the speed at which a person performs integral motor actions in running, swimming, skiing, cycling, rowing, etc., and not the elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes a person’s speed, since it is determined not only by the level of development of speed, but also by other factors, in particular the technique of mastering an action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, etc.

speed endurance and determined by distance speed.

The manifestation of forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors: 1) the state of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular system; 2) morphological characteristics of muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., the ratio of fast and slow fibers); 3) muscle strength; 4) the ability of muscles to quickly move from a tense state to a relaxed one; 5) energy reserves in the muscle (adenosine triphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - CTP); 6) range of movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints; 7) ability to coordinate movements during high-speed work; 8) biological rhythm of the body’s vital activity; 9) age and gender; 10) high-speed natural abilities of a person.

depend on genotype factors. According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is approximately 60-88% determined by heredity. The speed of a single movement and the frequency of movements have a moderately strong genetic influence, and the speed manifested in integral motor acts, running, depends approximately equally on the genotype and environment (40-60%).

The most favorable periods for the development of speed abilities in both boys and girls are considered to be between 7 and 11 years of age. The growth of various indicators of speed continues at a somewhat slower pace from 11 to 14-15 years. By this age, the results actually stabilize in terms of the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements. Targeted influences or participation in various sports have a positive effect on the development of speed abilities: specially trained people have an advantage of 5-20% or more, and the increase in results can last up to 25 years.

Tasks for developing speed abilities. The first task is the need for comprehensive development of speed abilities (reaction speed, frequency of movements, speed of a single movement, speed of integral actions) in combination with the acquisition of motor skills and abilities that children master during their studies in an educational institution. For a teacher of physical education and sports, it is important not to miss the primary and secondary school ages - sensitive (especially favorable) periods for effectively influencing this group of abilities.

The third task is to improve speed abilities, on which success in certain types of work depends (for example, in flying, when performing operator functions in industry, energy systems, communication systems, etc.).

Speed abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In the process of sports training, increasing the speed of movements is achieved not only by influencing the speed abilities themselves, but also in another way - through the development of strength and speed-strength abilities, speed endurance, improving movement techniques, etc., i.e. by improving those factors on which the manifestation of certain qualities of speed significantly depends.

Numerous studies have shown that all of the above types of speed abilities are specific. The range of mutual transfer of speed abilities is limited (for example, you can have a good reaction to a signal, but have a low frequency of movements; the ability to perform a high-speed starting acceleration in sprinting does not yet guarantee high distance speed and vice versa). Direct positive transfer of speed occurs only in movements that have similar semantic and programming aspects, as well as motor composition. The noted specific features of speed abilities therefore require the use of appropriate training means and methods for each of their varieties.

1.3.1. Means for developing speed abilities

The means of developing speed are exercises performed at maximum or near-limit speed (i.e., speed exercises). They can be divided into three main groups (V. I. Lyakh, 1997).

Exercises that specifically target individual components of speed abilities: a) reaction speed; b) speed of execution of individual movements; c) improvement in frequency of movements; d) improvement of starting speed; e) speed endurance; f) the speed of performing sequential motor actions in general (for example, running, swimming, dribbling a ball).

Exercises with a complex (multilateral) impact on all the main components of speed abilities (for example, sports and outdoor games, relay races, martial arts, etc.).

Exercises involving the following effects: a) on speed and all other abilities (speed and strength, speed and coordination, speed and endurance); b) on speed abilities and improvement of motor actions (running, swimming, sports games, etc.).

In sports practice, to develop the speed of individual movements, the same exercises are used as to develop explosive strength, but without weights or with weights that do not reduce the speed of movement. In addition, exercises are used that are performed with an incomplete swing, at maximum speed and with a sharp stop of movements, as well as starts and spurts.

To develop the frequency of movements, the following are used: cyclic exercises in conditions that promote an increase in the tempo of movements; running downhill, behind a motorcycle, with a traction device; fast movements of the legs and arms, performed at a high tempo by reducing the swing and then gradually increasing it; exercises to increase the rate of relaxation of muscle groups after their contraction.

To develop speed capabilities in their complex expression, three groups of exercises are used: exercises that are used to develop reaction speed; exercises that are used to develop the speed of individual movements, including for movement over various short distances (from 10 to 100 m); explosive exercises.

Speed abilities and the basics of methods for their education. (The concept of speed abilities, types of motor reactions, means and methods of training simple and complex motor reactions, sensitive periods of development, training speed of movements, control)

Speed abilities are a person’s capabilities that ensure he performs motor actions in a minimum period of time for given conditions. Elementary forms include reaction speed, speed of a single movement, frequency (tempo) of movements. All motor reactions performed by a person are divided into two groups: simple and complex. The response with a predetermined movement to a predetermined signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction. Examples of this type of reaction are the beginning of a motor action (start) in response to the shot of the starting pistol in athletics or swimming, the cessation of an attacking or defensive action in martial arts or during a sports game when the referee whistles, etc. The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - the time period from the moment the signal appears to the moment the movement begins. The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports characterized by constant and sudden changes in the action situation (sports games, martial arts, alpine skiing, etc.). Most complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are reactions of “choice” (when, from several possible actions, you need to instantly select one that is adequate to a given situation).

In a number of sports, such reactions are simultaneously reactions to a moving object (ball, puck, etc.). In various types of motor activity, elementary forms of manifestation of speed abilities appear in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of speed abilities. These include: the speed of performing integral motor actions, the ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible and the ability to maintain it for a long time. The ability to maintain the achieved maximum speed for as long as possible is called speed endurance and is determined by distance speed. Tasks for developing speed abilities. 1) the need for comprehensive development of speed abilities (reaction speed, frequency of movements, speed of a single movement, speed of integral actions) in combination with the acquisition of motor skills and abilities that children master during their studies in an educational institution. For a teacher of physical education and sports, it is important not to miss the primary and secondary school ages - sensitive (especially favorable) periods for effectively influencing this group of abilities. 2) maximum development of speed abilities with the specialization of children, adolescents, boys and girls in sports where reaction speed or speed of action plays a significant role (short distance running, sports games, martial arts, luge, etc.). 3) improvement of speed skills abilities on which success in certain types of work depends. The means of developing speed are exercises performed at maximum or near-limit speed (i.e., speed exercises). They can be divided into three main groups:

1. Exercises aimed at individual components of speed abilities: a) reaction speed; b) speed of execution of individual movements; c)improving the frequency of movements; d) improvement of starting speed; e) speed endurance; f) the speed of performing sequential motor actions in general (for example, running, swimming, dribbling a ball).
2. Exercises with a complex (multilateral) impact on all the main components of speed abilities (for example, sports and outdoor games, relay races, martial arts, etc.).
3. Exercises involving the following effects: a) on speed and all other abilities (speed and strength, speed and coordination, speed and endurance); b) on speed abilities and improvement of motor actions (running, swimming, sports games, etc.). The main methods of developing speed abilities are: 1) methods of strictly regulated exercise; 2) competitive method; 3) game method. Methods of strictly regulated exercise include: a) methods of repeating actions with a setting for maximum speed of movement; b) methods of variable (alternating) exercises with varying speed and acceleration according to a given program in specially created conditions. When using the variable exercise method, they alternate movements with high intensity (for 4-5 seconds) and movements with lower intensity - first increase the speed, then maintain it and slow down the speed. This is repeated several times in a row. The competitive method is used in the form of various training competitions (estimates, relay races, handicaps - equalization competitions) and final competitions. The effectiveness of this method is very high, since athletes of different levels of fitness are given the opportunity to fight each other on an equal basis, with emotional uplift, showing maximum volitional efforts. The game method involves performing a variety of exercises at the highest possible speed in the conditions of outdoor and sports games. In this case, the exercises are performed very emotionally, without unnecessary stress. In addition, this method provides a wide variety of actions that prevents the formation of a “speed barrier”. The main method for developing reaction speed is the method of repeating the exercise. It consists of repeatedly responding to a suddenly occurring (pre-conditioned) stimulus with the goal of reducing reaction time. Nurturing the speed of complex motor reactions. Nurturing the speed of complex motor reactions is associated with modeling holistic motor situations in classes and training and systematic participation in competitions. Developing speed of movement. The main means of developing speed of movement are exercises performed at maximum or near-limit speed: 1) actual speed exercises; 2) general preparatory exercises; 3) special preparatory exercises. Speed exercises themselves are characterized by a short duration (up to 15-20 s), performed with a small amount of external weights or in the absence of them (since the external manifestations of maximum strength and speed are inversely proportional). The most widely used general preparatory exercises in PE are sprint exercises, jumping exercises, and games with pronounced acceleration moments (for example, basketball according to regular and simplified rules, mini-football, etc.). When choosing specially preparatory exercises, the rules of structural similarity should be observed with special care. In most cases, they are “parts” or complete forms of competitive exercises, transformed in such a way that it is possible to exceed the speed achieved in relation to the competition one.

The most favorable periods for the development of speed abilities in both boys and girls are considered to be ages from 7 to 2 years. The growth of various indicators of speed continues at a somewhat slower pace from 11 to 14-15 years. By this age, the results actually stabilize in terms of the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements. Targeted influences or participation in various sports have a positive effect on the development of speed abilities: those who specifically train have an advantage of 5-20% or more, and the increase in results can last up to 25 years.

Control exercises (tests) for assessing speed abilities are divided into four groups: 1) to assess the speed of simple and complex reactions; 2) to estimate the speed of a single movement; 3) to assess the maximum speed of movements in different joints; 4) to assess the speed manifested in holistic motor actions, most often in short-distance running. Test exercises to assess the speed of simple and complex reactions. The simple reaction time is measured under conditions where both the type of signal and the method of response are known in advance (for example, when a light comes on, release the button, when the starter fires, start running, etc.).

In laboratory conditions, the reaction time to light and sound is determined using chronoreflexometers, which determine the reaction time with an accuracy of 0.0] or 0.001 s. To estimate the time of a simple reaction, at least 10 attempts are used and the average reaction time is determined.

When measuring a simple reaction, you can use a ruler 40 cm long. The subject's hand is extended forward with the edge of the palm down. The researcher holds the ruler at a distance of 1-2 cm from the palm, the zero mark is at the level of the lower edge of his palm. Within 5 s after the preliminary command “Attention!” the researcher releases the ruler. The subject's task is to quickly clench his fingers and catch the ruler falling down as quickly as possible. Reaction speed is determined by the distance from the zero mark to the lower edge of the palm (to the grip). The smaller it is, the better the reaction the subject has. In competitive conditions, simple reaction time is measured using contact sensors placed in the starting blocks (athletics), the starting block in the pool (swimming), etc.

A complex reaction is characterized by the fact that the type of signal and, as a result, the method of response are unknown (such reactions are characteristic primarily of games and martial arts). It is very difficult to record the time of such a reaction under competitive conditions.

In laboratory conditions, the choice reaction time is measured as follows: the subject is presented with slides with game or combat situations. Having assessed the situation, the subject reacts either by pressing a button, or with a verbal response, or with a special action.

Control exercises for assessing the speed of single movements. Time of impact, ball pass, throw, one step, etc. determined using biomechanical equipment.

Control exercises to assess the maximum frequency of movements in different joints. The frequency of arm and leg movements is assessed using tapping tests. The number of movements of the arms (alternately or one) or legs (alternately or one) for 5-20 s is recorded.

Incoming control according to FC. 8th grade.

1. In what year was volleyball included in the Olympic Games program?

a) 1956; b) 1968; c) 1964; d) 1952.

2. Since what year has basketball been included in the Olympic Games program?

a) 1936;b) 1924; c) 1932; d) 1944;

3. How many winter Olympic sports are there?

a) 7; b) 14; at 5; d) 11.

4.Summer Olympic Games 2016 will be held....?

a) Spain; b) Brazil;in Japan; d) USA.

5. Physical fitness is characterized by:

a) High results in sports activities; b) Resistance to adverse factors;c) Level of performance and versatility of motor experience; d) Efficiency and economy of motor actions.

6. The optimal degree of mastery of motor action technique, characterized by automated control of movements, high strength and reliability of execution, is called:

a) Motor skills; b) Technical skill; c) Motor talent;d) Motor skill.

7. A person’s capabilities that ensure he performs motor actions in a minimum period of time for given conditions are called:

a) Motor reaction;b) Speed abilities; c) Single movement speed; d) Speed-strength abilities.

8. The ability to perform movements with a large amplitude due to the own activity of the corresponding muscles is called:

a) Mobility in the joints; b) Special flexibility;c) Active flexibility; d) Dynamic flexibility.

9. Indicate the main specific means of physical education:

A) Personal example teachers; b) Natural forces of nature, hygienic factors;V) Physical exercise; d) A rational regime of work and rest, good nutrition.

10. What test does not determine the physical quality of endurance?

a) 6-minute run;b) 100 meter run; c) Ski race 3 kilometers; d) Swimming 800 meters.

11. Adaptation - what is it?

a) The process of adaptation of the body to changing environmental conditions ; b) Alternating load and rest during the training process; c) The recovery process; d) A system for increasing the efficiency of the competition system and training system.

12. What most often leads to poor posture?

A) High growth; b) Reduction of intervertebral discs;c) Weak muscles; d) Violation of the natural curves of the spine.

13. The weight of a basketball ball should be...

a) No more than 670 g. b) No more than 650 g.c) No more than 560 g. d) No more than 500 g.

14. Physical development This …

a) Muscle size, body shape, functionality of body systems, physical activity; b) The process of improving physical qualities when performing exercises; c) Level due to heredity and regularity of exercise physical culture and sports;d) The process of changing the morphological and functional parameters of the human body throughout his life.

15. Anaerobic exercises include...?

a) Sprint;b) Volleyball; c) Ski racing; d) Swimming;

ANSWERS

1-c, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c, 6-d, 7-b, 8-c, 9-c, 10-b, 11-a, 12-c, 13- b, 14-d, 15-a

To characterize the physical qualities of an athlete that directly determine his speed abilities, the generalizing term “speed” was mainly used. Speed as a physical motor quality is a person’s ability to perform a motor action in a minimum period of time for given conditions with a certain frequency and impulsiveness.

The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - the time period from the moment the signal appears to the moment the movement begins. Latent time in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions - a reaction to a moving object (ball) or a choice reaction, when from several possible actions it is necessary to instantly select one that is adequate to a given situation (found in sports characterized by a constant and sudden change in the action situation (football)). Most complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are “choice” reactions. The time interval spent performing a single movement (for example, hitting a ball) also characterizes speed abilities. The frequency, or tempo, of movements is the number of movements per unit of time. In various types of motor activity, elementary forms of manifestation of speed abilities appear in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of speed abilities. These include: the speed of performing integral motor actions, the ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible and the ability to maintain it for a long time.

For the practice of physical education, the greatest importance is the speed at which a person performs integral motor actions in running, swimming, skiing, etc., and not the elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes a person’s speed, since it is determined not only by the level of development of speed, but also by other factors, in particular the technique of mastering an action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, etc.

The speed manifested in holistic motor actions is influenced by:

1. frequency of neuromuscular impulses;

2. the speed of muscle transition from the tension phase to the relaxation phase;

3. rate of alternation of these phases;

4. the degree of inclusion of fast-twitch muscle fibers in the process of movement and their synchronous work.

The ability to reach maximum speed as quickly as possible is determined by the starting acceleration phase or starting speed. On average this time is 5-6s. The ability to maintain the achieved maximum speed for as long as possible is called speed endurance and is determined by distance speed.

In games, there is another specific manifestation of speed qualities - the speed of braking, when, due to a change in the situation, it is necessary to instantly stop and start moving in a different direction.

The speed of movements is determined primarily by the corresponding activity of the cerebral cortex and the mobility of nervous processes that cause contraction, tension and relaxation of muscles.

According to Kholodov Zh.K. speed is determined:

1) by measuring the speed of movement in response to a certain signal with reactometers of various designs;

2) by the number of movements within a set time with an unloaded limb or torso within a certain amplitude;

3) by the time it takes to cover a set distance (for example, running 20, 30 m);

4) by the speed of performing a single movement in a complex action, for example, take-off in jumps, movement of the shoulder girdle and arm in throwing, a punch in boxing, the initial movement of a short-distance runner, movements of a gymnast, etc.

The manifestation of forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors:

1. the state of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular system;

2. morphological characteristics of muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., the ratio of fast and slow fibers);

3. muscle strength;

4. the ability of muscles to quickly move from a tense state to a relaxed one;

5. energy reserves in the muscle (adenosine triphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - CTP);

6. range of movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints;

7. ability to coordinate movements during high-speed work;

8. biological rhythm of the body’s vital activity;

9. age and gender;

10. high-speed natural abilities of a person.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the speed of the following five phases:

1) the occurrence of excitation in the receptor (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.) involved in the perception of the signal;

2) transmission of excitation to the central nervous system;

3) transfer of signal information along nerve pathways, its analysis and formation of an efferent signal;

4) conducting an efferent signal from the central nervous system to the muscle;

5) excitation of the muscle and the appearance of an activity mechanism in it.

Human speed abilities are very specific. You can perform some movements very quickly and others relatively slower, have good starting acceleration and low distance speed, and vice versa. Training in reaction speed will have virtually no effect on the frequency of movements. So, when selecting exercises for football players, it is necessary to pay attention to starting accelerations from different positions and rapid changes in directions of movement. The relative independence between individual forms of speed abilities suggests that there is no single reason determining the maximum speed in all motor tasks without exception.

Speed indicators in natural conditions depend on the acceleration developed, and it is determined by muscle strength, and the mass of the body or its links, the length of the lever, the total length of the body, etc.

Speed abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In the process of sports training, an increase in the speed of movements is achieved not only by influencing the speed abilities themselves, but also in another way - through the development of strength and speed-strength abilities, speed endurance, improvement of movement technique, etc., i.e. by improving those factors on which the manifestation of certain qualities of speed significantly depends. Numerous studies have shown that all of the above types of speed abilities are specific. The range of mutual transfer of speed abilities is limited (for example, you can have a good reaction to a signal, but have a low frequency of movements; the ability to perform a high-speed starting acceleration in sprinting does not yet guarantee high distance speed and vice versa). Direct positive transfer of speed occurs only in movements that have similar semantic and programming aspects, as well as motor composition. Tagged specific features speed abilities therefore require the use of appropriate training means and methods for each of their types.

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Speed ​​abilities and the basics of methods for their education. (The concept of speed abilities, types of motor reactions, means and methods of training simple and complex motor reactions, sensitive periods of development, training speed of movements, control)

Speed abilities and the basics of methods for their education. (The concept of speed abilities, types of motor reactions, means and methods of training simple and complex motor reactions, sensitive periods of development, training speed of movements, control)