Matison urban and rural clergy of the Tver diocese. City clergy of Russia in the 18th century. (historical and genealogical research based on materials from the Tver diocese) Matison Andrey Viktorovich. Appointment to priestly and ecclesiastical positions, spirit

26.11.2019

Born in 1970 in Moscow. Graduated from the Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State University for the Humanities. In 1999 he defended his dissertation on the topic “Genealogy of the Moscow commercial and industrial elite, 1801-1863.” Candidate of Historical Sciences. Head of department of the Main Archival Directorate of Moscow.

Awards

In 2011 he was awarded the Makariev Prize for the monograph “Orthodox clergy of the Russian city of the 18th century: genealogy of the clergy of Tver.” The monograph was the first comprehensive study in historiography of the genealogy of the clergy of one of the regions of Russia.

Main publications

Genealogy of Orthodox parish clergy Russia XVIII- early 20th centuries: History of the Moshchansky family. - M.: Scientific book, 2000. - 120 p.
Sources for studying the genealogy of the Orthodox parish clergy of Russia in the 18th - early 20th centuries. // Dedicated to the 2000th anniversary of the Nativity of Christ: Special issue of the Archivist's Bulletin. - M., 2001. - P. 131-137
Clergy of Tver Diocese XVIII- early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings. - First issue. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2002. - 216 p.; Second issue. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2003. - 180 p.; Issue three. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2004. - 202 p.; Issue four. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2005. - 200 p.; Issue five. - St. Petersburg: Anatolia, 2007. - 206 p.; Issue six. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2011. - 178 p.; Issue seven. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2013. - 212 p.; Issue eight. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2014. - 238 p.
Orthodox clergy of the Russian city of the 18th century: genealogy of the clergy of Tver. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2009. - 268 p. - 500 copies.
Marriage unions of the Orthodox clergy of the district cities of Russia at the end of the 18th century: Rzhev and Ostashkov // Bulletin of the Archivist. - 2011. - No. 4. - P. 130-137
Research on the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia // Bibliography. - 2011. - No. 6. - P. 130-136
Cathedral archpriests of Rzhev and Ostashkov in the 18th century // Bulletin of Tver State University. - Series: History. - 2011. - Issue 4. - pp. 144-152
The level of “school” education of the clergy of district cities of Russia in the 18th century. (Rzhev and Ostashkov) // Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University. - Series II: “History. Russian history Orthodox Church" - 2012. - Issue 3 (46). - P. 7-15
Provincial clergy of Russia in the 18th century: history and genealogy of Ostashkov’s clergy // Clio. - 2012. - 4 (64). - pp. 76-82
Priests of Rzhev in the 18th century: history and genealogy // Clio. - 2012. - 7 (67). - pp. 77-83

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“CITY CLRISH OF RUSSIA in the 18th century. (HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH BASED ON MATERIALS OF THE TVER DIOCESE)..."

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13. Matison, A.V. Review by: Leontyeva T.G. Priest John Belustin: biography in documents. Moscow-Tver, 2012 / A.V. Matison // Questions of history. – 2014. – No. 2. – P. 170-171 (0.2 p.p.).

14. Matison, A.V. Names and surnames of Orthodox clergy and members of their families in the 18th century. (on the example of the clergy of Rzhev and Ostashkov) / A.V. Matison // Questions of onomastics. – 2014. – No. 1 (16). – pp. 50-62 (0.7 pp.)

15. Matison, A.V. Notes of a provincial priest [Review of: From the history of the provincial clergy: notes of priest V.F. Vladislavleva: Reader.

Tver, 2012] / A.V. Matison // Bulletin of the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University. Series II: “History. History of the Russian Orthodox Church". – 2014. – Issue. 3 (58). – P. 149-152 (0.25 pp.).

16. Matison, A.V. Scribe books as a source for studying the composition of depositors of city churches in the second half of the 17th century. (using the example of the city of Tver) / A.V. Matison // Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: History. – 2015. – Issue. 1. – pp. 117-135 (1.15 p.p.).

Monographs

17. Matison, A.V. Genealogy of the Orthodox parish clergy of Russia in the 18th – early 20th centuries: History of the Moshchansky family / A.V. Mathison. – M.: Scientific book, 2000. – 120 p. (5 p.l.).

18. Matison, A.V. Orthodox clergy of the Russian city of the 18th century: genealogy of the clergy of Tver / A.V. Mathison. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2009. – 268 p. (12 p.l.).

Reference books and source publications

19. Matison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. - First issue. – St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2002. – 216 p.

20. Matison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue two. – St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2003. – 180 p.

21. Matison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue three. – St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2004. – 202 p.

22. Mathison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue four. – St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2005. – 200 p.

23. Mathison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. - Issue five. – St. Petersburg: Publishing House “Anatolia”, 2007. – 206 p.

24. Matison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue six. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2011. – 178 p.

25. Matison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue seven. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2013. – 212 p.

26. Mathison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / Matison A.V. – Issue eight. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2014. – 238 p.

27. Mathison, A.V. Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings / A.V. Mathison. – Issue nine. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2015. – 204 p.

28. Census books of Tver of the 17th century [compilation, introductory article by A.V. Mathison]. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2014. – 124 p. (3.5 p.l.).

29. Scribe and boundary book of Tver 1685-1686 [compilation, introductory article by A.V. Mathison]. – M.: “Staraya Basmannaya”, 2014. – 348 p. (16.5 p.l.).

Other publications

30. Mathison, A.V. Genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia: statement of the problem and methods of study / A.V. Matison // Auxiliary historical disciplines:

Special functions and humanitarian perspectives. Abstracts of reports and messages of the scientific conference. Moscow, February 1-2, 2001 - M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2001. - P. 85-87 (0.15 pp).

31. Mathison, A.V. Research on the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia [Review of: Grammatin A.S. Grammarians. History of the family of clergy of the Vladimir diocese. St. Petersburg, 1999] / A.V. Matison // Genealogical Bulletin. – 2001. – Issue. 3. – pp. 62-64 (0.15 pp.).

32. Mathison, A.V. Sources for studying the genealogy of the Orthodox parish clergy of Russia in the 18th – early 20th centuries. / A.V. Matison // Dedicated to the 2000th anniversary of the Nativity of Christ: Special issue of the Archivist's Bulletin. – M., 2001. – P. 131 pp.).

33. Mathison, A.V. The elevation of Orthodox clergy to the dignity of nobility in the 18th – early 20th centuries. (on the example of the clergy of the Tver diocese) / A.V. Matison // Genealogical Bulletin. – 2001. – Issue. 5. – pp. 40-47 (0.5 pp.).

34. Mathison, A.V. Priestly and clergy families of the Bolotovs of the Tver diocese / A.V. Matison // Genealogical Bulletin. – 2002. Issue. 8. – P. 54-58 (0.3 pp.).

35. Mathison, A.V. Class connections of the parish clergy with the townspeople and clerks of the Russian city at the beginning of the 18th century. (using the example of the clergy of Tver) / A.V. Matison // Bulletin of the Archivist. – 2002. – No. 3. – P. 263 pp.).

36. Mathison, A.V. Hereditary service in local institutions of Russia in the 18th century.

(genealogy of clerks of Borovsk) / A.V. Matison // Borovsk: pages of history. – 2002. – No. 4. – P. 4-10 (0.3 pp.).

37. Mathison, A.V. Noble branch of the Tver priestly and ecclesiastical family of the Vladislavlevs / A.V. Matison // Traditions of the dynasties of the Upper Volga region: Materials of the regional scientific and practical conference. Tver - Kalyazin, September 8-10, 2003 - Tver: Tver State University, 2004. - P. 150-153 (0.2 p.p.).

38. Mathison, A.V. Reconstruction of the genealogy of the Orthodox parish clergy based on scribal and census descriptions (using the example of Borovsk clergy) / A.V. Matison // Borovsk: pages of history. – 2005. – No. 5. – P. 17-23 (0.3 p.p.).

39. Mathison, A.V. Privileged clergy of the Russian province of the 18th – early 20th centuries. (on the example of the cathedral archpriests of Tver) / A.V. Matison // Bulletin of the Archivist. – 2005. – No. 5-6. – P. 228-240 (0.5 pp.).

40. Mathison, A.V. Clergymen, clerks and nobles of the Kryzhovs of the Tver province / A.V. Matison // Family and family in the context of Tver history. Collection of scientific articles. – Tver: Liliya Print, 2005. – P. 110-115 (0.4 p.p.).

41. Mathison, A.V. Diocesan periodicals of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. as a source on the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia / A.V. Matison // Auxiliary historical disciplines: classical heritage and new directions: materials of the XVIII scientific conference. Moscow, January 26-28, 2006 - M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2006. - P. 291-292 (0.1 p.p.).

42. Mathison, A.V. Parish clergy of Tver according to the census book of 1709 / A.V. Matison // Provincial clergy of pre-revolutionary Russia: Collection of scientific works of the All-Russian correspondence conference. – Tver: Slavic World, 2006. – Vol. 2. – pp. 14-21 (0.3 pp.)

43. Mathison, A.V. Matrimonial connections of the Orthodox parish clergy at the end of the 18th century: the city of Tver / A.V. Matison // Provincial clergy of pre-revolutionary Russia: Collection of scientific papers of the International correspondence conference. – Tver: Tver State University, 2008. – Issue. 3. – pp. 58-65 (0.4 pp.).

44. Mathison, A.V. Historiography of the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia / A.V.

Matison // Auxiliary historical disciplines in modern scientific knowledge:

Materials of the XXV International Scientific Conference. Moscow, January 31-February 2, 2013: At 2 o'clock - M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2013. - Part 2. - P. 399-402 (0.15 p.p.).

45. Mathison, A.V. Materials for the history of everyday life of the Orthodox clergy of Russia in the 18th century. in the funds of spiritual consistories / A.V. Matison // Russian Histories or Experiments and Research for the Anniversary of Alexander Borisovich Kamensky. – M.: “Drevlekhranishche”, 2014. – P. 276-287 (0.55 p.p.).

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Matison Andrey Viktorovich. City clergy Russia in the 18th century (historical and genealogical research based on materials from the Tver diocese): dissertation... candidate of historical sciences: 07.00.02 / Matison Andrey Viktorovich; [Place of defense: Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin].- Ekaterinburg, 2015.- 385 p.

Introduction

Sources for studying genealogy and methods for reconstructing the genealogies of the clergy in the 18th century 34

Sources 34

Pedigree reconstruction 60

Chapter two

Clergy during the establishment of the synodal system (1720s) 79

Temples and number of clergy 79

Social composition and class connections of the clergy 83

Hereditary service at churches. "Ancient" clergy 100

Chapter Three

The clergy during the period of formation and development of the synodal system (second quarter - end of the 18th century) 116

Temples and number of clergy 116

Social composition and class connections of the clergy 127

Hereditary service at churches. "Ancient" clergy 144

Privileged clergy: cathedral archpriests and rectors of city cathedrals 159

Appointment to priestly and ecclesiastical positions, spiritual education and features of parish service 173

Matrimonial ties, demographic processes and onomastics of the clergy 213

Family and kinship relations of urban clergy 213

Demographic aspects of the history of the urban clergy 241

Names of clergy and members of their families 254

Surnames of clergy 266

Conclusion 282

Application

Genealogical lists of the clergy of Tver, Rzhev and Ostashkov 289

Genealogical lists of the clergy of Tver 289

Genealogical lists of the clergy of Rzhev 338

Genealogical lists of the clergy of Ostashkov 349

List of sources and literature 369

List of abbreviations 3

Introduction to the work

The relevance of research. The study of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church is one of the most important areas in Russian historiography. Experts have prepared a significant number of major works devoted to various aspects of this topic, while one of the issues that has invariably attracted the attention of researchers remains the history of the Orthodox clergy of Russia.

At the same time, many of the published studies are distinguished by one feature: the study of the Orthodox clergy is of a general nature, based mainly on legislative and statistical sources. At the same time, against the background of the formulated conclusions and constructed concepts, they are not actually examined and compared. various groups within the clergy itself, the functioning of which depended on the place and characteristics of the service and could have many significant differences that influenced their position within the entire “clergy” class. Thus, it remains largely unclear to what extent real story similar groups of Orthodox clergy in different regions in different chronological periods corresponds to the constructed historiographical concepts.

One of the ways to study representatives of certain classes is related to the consideration of their genealogy. Main role This is where studies of a large number of births and families in a particular region play a role. Comprehensive studies of the genealogy of representatives of various classes have long been in demand and important in the study of various aspects of the social history of the state. At the same time, until now, virtually no such studies have been carried out on one of the key classes of Russia - the Orthodox clergy.

That is why a comprehensive examination of the genealogy of one of the most significant groups of the clergy - the urban clergy of Russia in the 18th century, during the formation and development of the synodal system, a generalized analysis of data obtained from the study of the genealogies of the clergy of provincial and district cities, a comparison of the inherent to them, the features depending on the place of service seem to be very relevant and promising.

The degree of knowledge of the topic. The review of historiography consists of two parts: first, general information is provided about the works containing certain information on the history of the clergy of the 18th century, then the main conceptual provisions contained in these works are analyzed. The historiographic base of the study, in contrast to the traditional chronological approach, is classified

in the dissertation on a subject-thematic basis, and the review of research is built from general to specific: works on the Russian Church over the entire period of history; works on the history of the Russian Church during the synodal period in general and specifically in the 18th century; works on the social history of Russia during the Empire period, containing information about the clergy; works on the history of the clergy of the 18th century itself; works on the history of individual dioceses in the 18th century; works devoted to particular aspects of the history of the clergy (“school” training, surnames, etc.); works on the history of Orthodox parishes; works on the history of the Tver diocese. It should be noted that the historiographical review included only studies containing data on clergy of the 18th century, and works examining similar subjects in relation to clergy of earlier or later periods were not included in the dissertation.

The history of the clergy in the 18th century is, to one degree or another, reflected in all works covering the history of the Russian Orthodox Church for the entire period of its existence, including works published before 1917 by A.V. Kartashev and N. Talberg, as well as the work of N.M. published already in the Soviet period. Nikolsky.

The clergy was examined with varying degrees of detail in studies on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the synodal period as a whole and in the 18th century. in particular. Among them, works published before the revolution by P.V. Verkhovsky and S.G. Runkevich, prepared in the Soviet period and included in the general collection of church history, an essay by P.G. Ryndzyunsky, a major work published in exile by I.K. Smolich, monograph by V. A. Fedorov published in 2003.

History of the clergy of the 18th century. also reflected in works on social history, the main of which was the extensive work of B.N. Mironov, including detailed materials about all classes of the Russian Empire. Another social work

1 Kartashev A.V. Essays on the history of the Russian Church. Minsk: Belarusian Exarchate, 1997. T. 1. 720 p.; T. 2.
592 pp. [reprint]; Nikolsky N.M. History of the Russian Church. M.: Politizdat, 1985. 448 p.; Talberg N.
History of the Russian Church. M.: Sretensky Monastery Publishing House, 1997. 928 p. [reprint].

2 Verkhovsky P.V. Essays on the history of the Russian Church in the 18th and 19th centuries. Warsaw, 1912. Issue 1.
274 p. ; Runkevich S.G. History of the Russian Church under the control of the Holy Synod. St. Petersburg, 1900. T. 1.

430 s; Ryndzyunsky P.G. Church in the noble empire (XVIII century) // Russian Orthodoxy: milestones in history. M., 1989. P. 230-308; Smolich I.K. History of the Russian Church. 1700-1917 // History of the Russian Church. M.: Publishing house of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Valaam Monastery. T. 8. 1996. Part 1. 800 p.; 1997. Part 2. 800 p. [reprint]; Fedorov V.A. Russian Orthodox Church and state. Synodal period. 1700-1917. M.: “Russian Panorama”, 2003. 480 p.

3 Mironov B.N. Social history of Russia during the imperial period (XVIII - early XX centuries). Genesis of personality,
democratic family, civil society and the rule of law. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 1999.

T. 1. 548 p.; T. 2. 566 p. Some data about the clergy in Russia was included in another work by the same author (B.N. Mironov. Russian city in the 1740s - 1860s: Demographic social and economic development. L.: Nauka, 1990. 271 p.).

history, where you can find data on the clergy of the 18th century, is the monograph by N.A. Ivanova and V.P. Zheltova, which examines the class society of the Russian Empire. One of the chapters of the monograph is devoted specifically to the clergy and various aspects of its history, including the formation of the clergy in the 18th - mid-19th centuries.

Separate works were published devoted exclusively to the study of the clergy of the 18th century, and here, first of all, we can name the work of the professor of the Kazan Theological Academy P.V. Znamensky and the monograph by G. Friz. Work by P.V. Znamensky is divided into five parts, which examine the determination of parish positions (separately - as a result of elections and separately - by right of inheritance), parish states and exit from the “clerical rank”, legal rights of the clergy, the attitude of clergy to spiritual authorities, material support for the clergy . The work of G. Friz, among other issues, highlights the position of the clergy in the state, the structure and material support of the parish service, the relationship of clergy with parishioners, the emerging seminary system, etc.

There are smaller works published back in the 19th century. and considering the history of the clergy of the 18th century, including works by I. Znamensky, I. Khitrov and A. Shchapov. History of the clergy of the 18th century. was also reflected in an extensive essay on the history of the clergy over two centuries, prepared by P.S. Stefanovich for the Orthodox Encyclopedia.

Several works (including dissertation research) have also been published examining the history of the Orthodox clergy of individual dioceses in different periods of the 18th century: N.A. Ershova - for the St. Petersburg diocese, N.D. Zolnikova - for the Tobolsk diocese, V.B. Lebedev - for the Pskov diocese, I.N. Mukhina - along Ryazan

4 Ivanova N.A., Zheltova V.P. Estate society Russian Empire(XVIII-early XX century). M.: Institute of Russian History, 2010. 752 p.

5 Znamensky P.V. Parish clergy in Rus'. Parish clergy in Russia since the reform
Petra. St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Kolo", 2003. 800 p. [reprint]; Freeze G.L. The Russian Levites: Parish
Clergy in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, 1977. 325 p.

6 Znamensky I. The position of the clergy during the reign of Catherine II and Paul I. M., 1880. 186 p.; Khitrov I.
Our white clergy in the 18th century and its representatives // Wanderer. Spiritual magazine. St. Petersburg, 1896.
T. 2 (No. 8. P. 507-533); T. 3 (No. 10. P. 276-297; No. 11. P. 477-500); [Shchapov A.]. The state of the Russian
clergy in the 18th century // Orthodox interlocutor. 1862. Book. 2 (May. pp. 16-40; June. pp. 188-206).

7 Stefanovich P.S. Parish and parish clergy in the Russian Church. XVIII-XIX centuries // Orthodox
encyclopedia. Russian Orthodox Church. M, 2000. S. 267-275.

8 Ershova N.A. Parish clergy of the St. Petersburg diocese in the 18th century. Abstract of thesis. ... Ph.D.
St. Petersburg, 1992. 16 p.; Zolnikova N.D. Class problems in the relationship between church and state in
Siberia (XVIII century). Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981. 183 p.; Lebedev V.B. Pskov clergy in the second
half of the 18th century Abstract of thesis. ... Ph.D. Veliky Novgorod, 2003. 23 p.; Mukhin I.N. Parish
clergy at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th centuries. (based on materials from the Yegoryevsky district of the Ryazan diocese).
Abstract of thesis. ... Ph.D. M., 2006. 18 p.

Some works reflect particular aspects of the history of clergy in the 18th century. The work of P.V. is devoted to issues of spiritual education. Znamensky, the problems of the social status of clergy are explored in the article by N.A. Ershova, the state of the clergy at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. covered in the work of A.M. Kuznetsov, research by V.E. Den is devoted to the representation of tax-paying categories of the population among the clergy; the issues of describing clergy in the notes of foreigners were considered by S. Tregubov. Some problems of the everyday side of the life of clergy are studied in the articles of A.N. Minkha (based on materials from the Saratov diocese) and V.I. Semevsky (based on materials from the Yaroslavl diocese). The problems of the formation of family nicknames for the Russian clergy aroused considerable interest among researchers. The most famous essay here is a detailed work

V.V. Sheremetevsky. Articles by S.G. are devoted to the same topic. Zhilina and A.V. Rhodessky. Separate sections devoted to the names of the Russian clergy were also placed in

general works that covered all the names of a particular geographic region.

A separate topic of research was the study of the history of the Orthodox parish, partly affecting the history of the clergy. Back in the 19th century. A.A. dealt with this problem. Papkov. Majority modern research on this topic are based on the study of the Russian North and Siberia (works by N.D. Zolnikova, A.V. Kamkin, M.V. Pulkin). At the same time, there is also a general study by T.A. Bernshtam,

9 P.V. Znamensky. Theological schools in Russia before the reform of 1808. St. Petersburg: “Summer Garden”, “Kolo”, 2001.
800 s. [reprint]; Ershova N.A. Social status parish clergy and their participation in the process
formation of the Russian intelligentsia in the 18th century // Problems of Russian history of the 18th - 20th centuries
(scientific readings in memory of Professor Yu.D. Margolis). Syktyvkar, 1997. P. 18-25; Kuznetsov A.M.
Orthodox clergy during the reign of Paul I // Scientific works of the Moscow Pedagogical University
State University. Series: Social and historical sciences. M., 1998. P. 19-23; Den V.E.
Tax elements among the clergy of Russia in the 18th century // News of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1918.
No. 5. P. 267-292; No. 6. P. 413-444; No. 7. P. 679-708; No. 13. P. 1357-1379; No. 14. P. 1517-1548; Tregubov S.
Religious life of Russians and the state of the clergy in the 18th century. on memoirs of foreigners // Proceedings of Kyiv
Theological Academy. 1884. No. 6-9 (separate reprint - Kyiv, 1884. 208 p.).

10 Minkh A.N. Life of the clergy of the Saratov region in the 18th and early 19th centuries // Transactions of Saratov
scientific archival commission. Saratov, 1908. Issue. 24. P. 55-73; Semevsky V.I. Village priest in
second half of the 18th century // Russian antiquity. St. Petersburg, 1877. T. 19. P. 501-538.

11 Sheremetevsky V.V. Family nicknames of the Great Russian clergy in the 18th and 19th centuries.
M., 1908. 113 p.

12 Zhilin S.G. Seminary surnames - a symbolic component of the Russian onomasticon // Facts and
versions. Historical and cultural almanac. St. Petersburg, 2005. Book. 4. pp. 121-137; Rodossky A.V. Surnames
Russian clergy // News of the Russian Genealogical Society. St. Petersburg, 2005. Issue. 17. pp. 16-24.

13 See for example: Mosin A.G. Historical roots of Ural surnames. Ekaterinburg: Goshchitsky, 2008.
791s.

14 Papkov A.A. Decline of the Orthodox parish (XVIII-XIX centuries). Historical reference. M., 1899. 163 p.

15 Zolnikova N.D. Siberian parish community in the 18th century. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1990. 288 p.;
Kamkin A.V. Rural Orthodox parishes of the Russian North (to the study of church history and

religiosity of the Synodal era) // Religion and the Church in the cultural and historical development of the Russian North (to the 450th anniversary of St. Tryphon, the Vyatka Wonderworker). Materials of the International Scientific Conference. Kirov. 1996. Volume 1. P. 244-246; It's him. Rural clergy and peasantry in the 18th century. Some problems of parish life in the European North of Russia // European North: history and

dedicated to rural parishes and not tied to a specific region (called in the subtitle “essays on church ethnography”).

Some purely local history aspects of the history of the clergy of the Tver diocese were covered in publications by representatives of provincial officials and diocesan clergy - as a rule, members of the Tver Scientific Archival Commission. Published in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. small brochures or in the form of articles included in the unofficial part of the Tver Diocesan Gazette magazine, they contain data on the history of Tver, Rzhev, Ostashkov, their churches, individual clergy, etc.

Considering the main conceptual provisions formulated in these studies, it should be noted that, according to all the authors who in one way or another touched upon the history of the clergy of the 18th century, the period under consideration was fundamentally different from previous stages in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church. Experts noted that at the beginning of the 18th century. The clergy was not yet a closed class, and it could include representatives of other social groups, mainly people from the tax-paying population (townsmen, peasants), but sometimes even nobles. Later, this possibility gradually fades away, and by the end of the 18th century. the clergy becomes a closed social group.

Most authors drew attention to the very low status of the white clergy in the 18th century, which largely brought it closer to the tax-paying strata (although the clergy themselves did not belong to the tax-paying population). This largely determined the extremely disdainful attitude of the nobility towards the clergy. Favorable changes in the position of clergy occurred only during the reigns of Catherine II and Paul I. During this period, in terms of the privileges granted, the clergy was largely compared to the personal nobility.

The general conclusion of experts is that the consequence of the actions taken by the government over the course of the century was the transformation of the clergy into a separate spiritual class.

modernity. Abstracts of reports of the All-Russian Scientific Conference. Petrozavodsk, 1990. P. 25-26; Pulysin M.V. Urban and rural parishes at the end of the 18th century: experience of comparative study (based on materials from the Olonets diocese) // Capital and peripheral cities of Rus' and Russia in the Middle Ages and early modern times (XI-XVIII centuries). Abstracts of reports of a scientific conference (Moscow, December 3-5, 1996). Moscow, 1996. P. 227-230; It's him. Parishioners and the white clergy in the 18th century: relationships outside the church (based on materials from Zaonezhie) // Kizhi Bulletin. No. 7 (collection of articles). Petrozavodsk, 2002. pp. 21-27. 16 Bernshtam T.A. Parish life of the Russian village: Essays on church ethnography. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Publishing House, 2007. 311 p.

All researchers came to the conclusion that the authorities in the 18th century. constantly sought to reduce the number of clergy. The main means for this were the introduction of states and conducting analyzes that lasted throughout the century. At the same time, it was noted that representatives of the clergy also voluntarily joined other segments of the population and served as one of the sources of the formation of the bureaucracy and commoners. The result of the efforts undertaken by the government was a reduction in the proportion of the clergy in the state, but the number of clergy in the country itself steadily increased.

Researchers wrote that in the 18th century. The long-standing tradition of electing clergy to parish positions continued to be preserved. The right to elect clergy remained in force until the end of the century, but in reality it increasingly lost its significance and was finally eliminated at the end of the 18th century. The opportunity given to the laity to elect candidates for clergy positions competed in the 18th century. with the tradition of inheritance of parish places. The heredity of clergy, as well as the election of candidates for parish seats, took shape in the state long before the beginning of the synodal period. Almost all researchers noted inheritance of positions as a distinctive feature of the clergy.

Despite its even stronger strength in the 18th century. the tradition of transferring parish places on the basis of kinship, the very right of inheritance, in turn, was somewhat constrained by the development of the system of spiritual education and the emergence of “learned” candidates for clergy positions. At the same time, there was an opinion that, if it was necessary to choose between the heir to a parish place and a candidate who had received special training, the diocesan authorities themselves did not always give preference to the latter. At the same time it was pointed out that the right to inherit parish places was completely reconciled with new trends, since the theological schools themselves had a closed, “class” character and were intended primarily for the descendants of clergy.

Touching upon the issue of the development of theological schools in Russia, researchers noted that the level of education of the clergy in the 17th and early 18th centuries. was in the most deplorable condition. Already during the reign of Peter I, measures were taken to improve the level of preparedness and education of the clergy, which were continued under his successors. At the same time, many authors wrote that the emergence of special educational institutions did not solve this problem. The number of people who received spiritual education in the 18th century, according to researchers, was not very large.

Thus, the assessments and conclusions of most experts who touch upon the history of the clergy of the 18th century in their research are often quite close, and on some issues they are distinguished by rare unanimity.

Unfortunately, in historiography there has been a tendency, when considering the white clergy, to perceive it, as a rule, as a whole, practically without dividing it into metropolitan and provincial, urban and rural, into the clergy of small county towns and the clergy of cathedral centers, etc. This practice is fundamentally incorrect and can be compared with the fact that researchers approach the court aristocracy and the provincial service nobility, the capital’s first-guild merchants and the small merchants of county towns, etc. with the same assessments.

In particular, in the specialized literature there are only very few estimates characterizing the differences in the social and economic situation of the urban and rural clergy. The authors who at least somehow tried to draw attention to some differences between individual categories of clergy pointed to more high level material support for clergy in cities. Some experts noted that the urban clergy were better prepared for church services, stipulating, as a rule, that there were extremely few educated clergy in the cities.

Some exceptions are works devoted to the study of the history of an Orthodox parish, in which, as a rule, rural realities are studied. These works, however, examine not so much the history of clergy, their status, features of service, level of education, matrimonial ties, but mainly issues of relationships between clergy and parishioners.

In turn, in numerous works devoted to the study of the Russian city, the role of the clergy in its history was virtually not reflected. Moreover, in many basic works on this topic, only the “urban classes” are considered (i.e., the merchants and philistines, and in connection with them, sometimes also the trading peasantry), leaving other categories of the urban population, including the clergy, out of brackets. Among such works, first of all we can name monographs on AI. Dityatina, A.A. Kizevetter, Yu.R. Klokman and P.G. Ryndzyunsky.

As already noted, when studying the history of the Orthodox clergy of Russia, genealogical methods were used very little, especially within the framework of a comprehensive study of the genealogy of the clergy of certain regions of Russia.

One of the most famous and successful examples of comprehensive research into the genealogy of other Russian classes is the work of A.I. Aksenov, dedicated to the study of the history and genealogy of the merchants of Moscow and the Moscow province of the 18th century.

Unfortunately, in the field of studying the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia, there have been virtually no such studies until now, however, works devoted to the study of the genealogy of individual clergy families began to appear quite a long time ago. In isolated studies published before 1917, the genealogy of the bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church was mainly considered. During the Soviet period, materials were published concerning the genealogy of “progressive” public figures whose ancestors belonged to the clergy (N.G. Chernyshevsky and N.A. Dobrolyubov).

In the 1990s - 2000s. in the context of the general renaissance genealogical research In Russia, more and more works began to be published devoted to individual clerical clans, and some of them relate specifically to the clergy of the Tver diocese. Articles were also published touching on some issues of the methodology and source base for studying the genealogy of clerics. At the same time, the first reference books on the genealogy of clergy were published.

In the field of complex genealogical research, perhaps the only exception for a long time was the article by A.V. Karasev, where the genealogies of the clergy of the Kashin and Kalyazin districts of the Tver province in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries were partially examined. and emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the transition of representatives of clergy families to the secular service.

Several works by E.D. have recently been published. Suslova, who studied the entire population of rural clergy in Karelia (Zaonezhsky and Lopsky churchyards) in the 16th - early 18th centuries. At the same time, the author actively used computer methods of data processing. At the same time, the works of E.D. Suslova relate to the rural clergy of the Russian North and, of course, do not touch upon the peculiarities of the development of dynasties of urban clergy.

17 Aksenov A.I. Genealogy of the Moscow merchants of the 18th century: From the history of the formation of the Russian bourgeoisie.
M: Nauka, 1988. 189 p.; It's him. Essays on the genealogy of the district merchants of the 18th century. M: Nauka, 1993. 219 p.

18 Karasev A.V. Genealogy of the parish clergy of the Kashin and Kalyazin districts of the Tver province
XVIII - first half of the XIX century // Unknown pages of the history of the Upper Volga region. Collection of scientific
works Tver, 1994. P. 3-16.

19 Suslova E.D. Church and peasant community in Karelia at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 18th century. Abstract
dis. ... Ph.D. St. Petersburg, 2012. 30 p.; It's her. Family and family ties of the rural Karelian clergy
parishes at the beginning of the 18th century: experience in computer processing of archival data // Information
technology and literary heritage: materials of the IV international scientific conference (Petrozavodsk, 3-8
September 2012). Petrozavodsk; Izhevsk, 2012. P. 250-255; It's her. Church ministers in early Karelia

All of the above convincingly shows the need for a separate study of the urban clergy, including within the framework of a comprehensive genealogical study.

Object of study This work is about the Orthodox clergy of the provincial and two district cities of the Tver diocese.

Subject of research Accordingly, the genealogical connections of the clergy and clergy of these cities began in their entirety and totality.

Target research consists in compiling “social portraits” of the urban white clergy during the formation and development of the synodal system in Russia (1720s - late 18th century) based on the study of the genealogy of all clergy of a large provincial and cathedral center (the city of Tver) and two district cities of the Tver diocese (Rzhev and Ostashkov), comparing the similarities and differences in the destinies of clergy depending on the place of their service. The “social portrait” in the work is understood as a set of basic social characteristics (origin, family ties, marriage strategies, features of service, education, etc.) about the clergy of each of the cities under consideration. At the same time, issues of the history of the clergy of the 18th century that are not directly related to genealogy and require separate research (for example, the nature of material support and property holdings of clergy) are deliberately left outside the scope of the study.

Research objectives are to establish the dynamics of changes in the number of churches and the number of clergy; find out the social composition and class connections of the clergy; trace the nature of the inheritance of priestly and ecclesiastical positions and the formation of hereditary dynasties; determine the composition of the urban clergy elite; consider the features of receiving spiritual education and parish service; to find out the nature of matrimonial ties between priests and clergy and the characteristics of demographic processes among the clergy; determine the composition of names and family nicknames of city clergy.

Chronological framework of the study. The time period considered in the work represents an extremely important period in the history of the Russian clergy, because coincides with the establishment, formation and development of the synodal system in the country. Its initial stage (1720s) is characterized by the introduction of new rules for parish service, the establishment of staff and a system of religious educational institutions, and the final stage (the end of the 18th century) is associated with the completion of the formation of the ecclesiastical

modern times: the formation of dynasties. [Electronic resource]. Petrozavodsk: Petrozavodsk State University, 2013. 162 p.

class, reflected in the final establishment of special rights and privileges for clergy (the abolition of corporal punishment, the introduction of awards, etc.).

Territorial scope of the study. During the period under review, Tver was a typical provincial and diocesan center, and Rzhev was a typical district city in the European part of Russia. Rzhevsky district was included in the Tver diocese in the first half of the 18th century. Ostashkov received city status only in 1770, and before that local churches were located on the territory of the Synodal and Joseph-Volotsk monastery settlements. The settlements were part of the Rzhev district, however, the Ostashkov church tithe was separated from the Rzhev church tithe back in 1684. In turn, even before Ostashkov was given the status of a city, one of the local churches in 1746 was renamed a cathedral, and here a “protopopia” was established. Thus, the settlements in question were geographically and administratively connected with each other, and the clergy who served at the churches in these cities were, to a large extent, typical representatives of the Orthodox clergy of the central part of Russia.

Methodological basis of the study. The study of the topic is based on a combination of the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, which made it possible to gain an understanding of the factors and formed results of the development of the Orthodox urban clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th century. Based on the applied research approach, the socio-cultural, church-historical and demographic features of the urban clergy of this region were presented in a complex context. The study provided a combination of analysis of macrohistorical and microhistorical phenomena in the development of the clergy. As a result, the cognitive capabilities of a broad socio-historical approach to the study of the development of various social communities within the clergy, which is relevant for world historiography, were demonstrated. In particular, to solve this problem, the historical and genealogical method was used, which was used along with retrospective, comparative, quantitative methods and the method of content analysis. A special place within the framework of the methodological basis of the study was given to local historical coverage of the regional characteristics of the Tver city clergy, which is carried out with a parallel study of three significant centers of the diocese: Tver, Rzhev and Ostashkov.

Scientific novelty of the research. The dissertation represents the first historical and genealogical study of the urban clergy of the 18th century in historiography. The data obtained for the first time made it possible to identify general and distinctive features V

social development of the clergy in the cities studied and undertake comprehensive analysis various interrelated aspects of the history of the urban clergy: from the receipt of education and the entry into service of individual clergy to the formation of entire clergy dynasties. These aspects largely determined the formation of the clergy as a separate class in the 18th century. The work introduces for the first time into scientific circulation a vast layer of historical sources used in the compilation of genealogies (revision tales, clergy and confession records, clerical documents of the ecclesiastical consistory, etc.).

Practical significance. The provisions and conclusions of the dissertation can be used in general studies, in the preparation of lecture courses, reference books and teaching aids on the social history of Russia, the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, the history of the Tver region in the 18th century.

The following provisions are submitted for defense:

Based on the studied sources, it was revealed that at the beginning of the period under review, the composition of the clergy in the cities of the diocese was not the same. In Rzhev all were clergy, and in the Ostashkovo settlements almost all were descendants of the clergy, while in Tver a significant part were representatives of various social categories of the population, in addition to the clergy. After the 1720s The urban clergy of the Tver region is replenished almost exclusively by the descendants of clergy, forming part of a closed “input” class. At the same time, many sons of clergy, as a result of government actions, widely join other social categories, thereby constituting an open “exit” class.

The work shows that at the beginning of the 18th century. a significant part of the parish places in the cities were inherited, and many of the clergy who served at the churches were the sons and grandsons of the clergy of the same cities. In some churches, especially in Tver and Rzhev, all positions were occupied by members of the same types of clergy. Over the course of a century, inheritance has been declining, although to varying degrees: in Rzhev - slightly, in Ostashkov and especially in Tver - more significantly. This led to the fact that at the end of the 18th century there were no longer churches in cities, where all the places were occupied exclusively by relatives. Despite this, the basis of the clergy in all cities was made up of “ancient” clerical dynasties. Some of the archpriests of the city cathedrals, who represented the elite of the city clergy, also came from their midst. Most of them held high administrative positions, and some taught in “theological schools.”

3. With the development of the education system in cities that had their own
educational establishments(in Tver - a seminary, in Ostashkov - a religious school), the majority
candidates for clergy graduated from certain classes, and when determining positions
it was they who were given preference by the diocesan authorities. In the cathedral center
Almost all the priests were graduates of the highest classes of the seminary. On the contrary, in
Rzhev, where there was no religious educational institution, the majority of clergy did not
had at least some education other than home education.

4. The dissertation determined that matrimonial unions are largely
were concluded by clergymen in their midst, which was especially
typical for the clergy of Tver. In turn, for the clergy of Rzhev and Ostashkov
marriages with representatives of local townspeople were more typical.
Accordingly, in Tver there was a higher percentage of receiving parish places as a dowry, and in
two other cities - inheritance by male line. Managed
establish that the demographic indicators of the clergy largely coincided
with the townsman's world: the average number of children in a family and the birth rate were approximately equal
everywhere exceeded mortality, etc. This also applies to names assigned in families
priests and clergy, who were similar not only among the clergy,
but they differed little from the names of the townspeople. At the same time, the names of the clergy were
only in the formative stage, and the system of family nicknames is not even remotely
was of such a complete nature as that of other categories of the urban population.

Analysis of sources showed that in the 18th century. in the cities of the Tver diocese there is a multidirectional change in the number of clergy. Thus, the prevailing idea in historiography about an almost universal increase in the number of priests and clergy was overcome. If in Rzhev such changes are not significant, and in Ostashkov there are indeed changes in the direction of increase, then in Tver, on the contrary, there is a significant decrease in the number of clergy, associated with a reduction in the number of churches.

The historical and genealogical method used in the dissertation, which was used for the first time in historiography in the study of a large number of clans of clergy in a certain region of the Russian Empire, allowed us to establish that in the history of the clergy of the three cities in the period under review there is much in common (inheritance of positions, the presence of clergy dynasties and etc.) and at the same time there are many differences (level of education, nature of matrimonial ties, etc.). These features partially coincide and partially differ from the history of the clergy in other places, which proves the need

an individual approach when studying any groups of clergy, both depending on the place of their ministry (cathedral centers, county towns, rural areas), and depending on a particular region of residence.

Approbation. The main provisions of the dissertation are presented in a monograph devoted to the history and genealogy of the clergy of Tver in the 18th century, and in articles examining the history and genealogy of the clergy of Rzhev and Ostashkov in the 18th century. (in 2011 the monograph was awarded the Makariev Prize). Certain aspects of this topic have also been studied in other scientific articles, including those published in journals included in the list of the Higher Attestation Commission, and highlighted in reports and speeches at conferences. In addition, a monograph was previously published examining the genealogy of one of the clergy clans, whose representatives served at the churches of Tver in the 18th century, and a separate reference series “The Clergy of the Tver Diocese of the 18th - early 20th Centuries” includes paintings of many clans that served under Tver, Rzhev and Ostashkov churches. Certain provisions of the dissertation, in addition, are discussed in reports at international, all-Russian and regional scientific and scientific-practical conferences.

Work structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, an appendix and a list of used sources and literature. The appendix to the dissertation contains paintings of 16 genera of the Tver clergy, 3 genera of the Rzhev clergy and 7 genera of the Ostashkov clergy, whose representatives were in active service throughout the entire period under review.

Pedigree reconstruction

Thus, the assessments and conclusions of most experts who touch upon the history of the clergy of the 18th century in their research come from the militant atheist N.M. Nikolsky to the member of the Synodal Theological Commission, Archpriest V. Tsypin, despite the difference in the style of the texts, are often quite close, and on some issues they are distinguished by rare unanimity.

Unfortunately, in historiography there has been a tendency, when considering the white clergy, to perceive it, as a rule, as a whole, practically without dividing it into metropolitan and provincial, urban and rural, into the clergy of small county towns and the clergy of cathedral centers, etc.63 Such a practice is is fundamentally incorrect and can be compared with the fact that researchers approached the court aristocracy and the provincial service nobility, the capital's first-guild merchants and the small merchants of county towns, etc. with the same assessments.

Some historians have already drawn attention to this problem. So, I.N. Mukhin rightly noted that the conditions for the “existence and functioning of parishes” differed not only within dioceses, but even within counties, and therefore the average figures in official publications and in some studies do not reflect the specifics of the history of the clergy64.

In particular, in the specialized literature there are only very few estimates characterizing the differences in the social and economic status of the urban and rural clergy. Even in the monograph “Russian city in the 1740-1860s: Demographic, social and economic development”, in the section “Clergy” (chapter “Social mobility of the urban population in Russia”) B.N. Mironov gave an overview of the clergy of Russia as a whole, and not at all of city clergy, as one might assume based on the topic of the monograph65. The authors who at least somehow tried to draw attention to some differences between individual categories of clergy pointed to a higher level of material support for clergy in cities66. Some experts noted that the urban clergy were better prepared for church service, stipulating, as a rule, that in the cities there were extremely few educated clergy67. The opinion of many researchers was reflected by P.G. Ryndzyunsky: “From the mass of the clergy, a small layer of privileged persons stood out who were close to the court spheres or served in cathedrals and churches that were in a special position; some clergy of city parishes found patrons from the merchant class or, if they settled in the house churches of the nobility, merging with the servants of the nobleman. The bulk of rural priests, in terms of their living conditions, were close to the peasantry.”68

Some exceptions are the above-mentioned studies devoted to the study of the history of the Orthodox parish, in which, as a rule, rural realities are studied. These works, however, examine not so much the history of clergy, their status, features of service, level of education, matrimonial ties, but mainly issues of relationships between clergy and parishioners. In one of these works, M.V. Pulkin, however, makes some comparisons between the urban and rural clergy in the Russian North at the end of the 18th century. and notes the higher level of education of urban clergy, the provision of clergy in the city with cash, and in the countryside - mainly with land, a closer connection between the urban clergy and parishioners (due to the absence of a language barrier that existed in some regions of the North, and the residence of parishioners near the church) 69.

In turn, in numerous works devoted to the study of the Russian city, the role of the clergy in its history was not actually reflected, despite the fact that the study of cities itself, according to A.B. Kamensky, has been “one of the main directions of Russian historiography” for several centuries. Moreover, in many basic works on this topic, only the “urban classes” are considered (i.e., the merchants and philistines, and in connection with them, sometimes also the trading peasantry), leaving other categories of the urban population, including the clergy, out of brackets. Among such works, first of all, we can name the monographs of I.I. Dityatina, A.A. Kizevetter, Yu.R. Klokman and P.G. Ryndzyunsky.

Social composition and class connections of the clergy

What follows is a significant chronological gap in the revision data and the following information, already about representatives of the fourth and fifth generations of the clan, is found in the tales of the 4th revision of 1782. Among the clergy of the Nativity Monastery, the sexton Yegor Ustinov is mentioned - 37 years old, and with him his wife Anna Yakimovna - 36 years old and daughters: Elena - 9 years old, Paraskeva - 6 years old, Anna - 4 years old63. Despite some discrepancies in age (quite common in documents of the 18th century), there is no doubt that Yegor is the son of Ustin Nikitin, previously identified as part of the priest’s family. The fairy tale names Ivan Ustinov as the sexton of the same Nativity Monastery - 52 years old. He was not mentioned in the documents of the 2nd revision, however, given that in the census book of 1745 only children who were with their parents were named, it can be assumed with reasonable probability that Ivan is the son of the priest Ustin Nikitin. As part of the family of Ivan Ustinov, his wife Mavra Emelyanovna is shown - 47 years old and children: Dmitry - 19 years old (it is indicated that he was “dismissed in the year 779 in the rank of a clerk and has the Tver governorship in the provincial magistrate as a kopeist”), Paraskeva - 18 years old, Peter - 6 years, Fedor - 2 years, Evdokia - 2 months64. None of the descendants of Ustin and Semyon Nikitin are mentioned in the tale.

As noted above, all subsequent revisions record any changes in the composition of the male part of the families of the clergy, and the 5th revision also recorded in the female part of the families. Thus, in the tale of the 5th revision of 1795, the clergy of the Nativity Monastery still indicates the family of sexton Yegor Ustinov: himself, his wife Anna Yakimovna, daughters Elena and Paraskeva (the youngest daughter Anna died in 1794)65. Deacon Ivan Ustinov is now listed among those who are “extraordinary clergy,” with an indication that he was dismissed “in 1793 due to old age from his position.” Only his wife Mavra Emelyanovna and son Fyodor were with him. His daughter Paraskeva was “extradied to

DTE. Vol. Z.S. 186. Ibid. P. 186. marriage of the city of Tver to the tradesman Peter Yakovlev’s son Beberin,” and another daughter, Evdokia, died in 1782. Ivan Ustinov’s eldest son Peter was appointed in 1793 to take his father’s place and is listed in the tale of the 5th revision as the sexton of the Nativity Monastery . His wife, Efimiya Ivanovna, is mentioned with him - 20 years old, “the daughter of Ivan Dmitriev, taken from the Tver district of the village of Turginova”66.

Finally, the final information about the fate of representatives of this clerical family is contained in the tale of the 6th revision of 1811 from the clergy of the Nativity Monastery: sexton Yegor Ustinov is shown dismissed “for old age and poor health”, the ordinary sexton Ivan Ustinov is listed as having died in 1806, and his son Fedor left for the Tver philistinism in 1795. Only the sexton Peter Ivanov remained in active service in the monastery, with whom four sons are shown: Vasily - 9 years old (who studied at the school), Timofey - 6 years old, Ivan - 3 years old and Nikita - 1 year 67.

The above audit data makes it possible to reconstruct the genealogy of the clerical family in question over six generations and provides information about 24 individuals, including spouses (see Diagram 2).

Having restored general scheme genealogy based on audit documents, we will analyze other sources that allow us to supplement the information gleaned from the audits.

First, let us dwell on the materials of scribal and census descriptions, which allow us to clarify information about the representatives of the first generations of the clan.

In the census book of 1709, the priest Nikita Ivanov is indicated as an employee at the Nativity nunnery (with his sons: Ustin - 9 years old and Semyon - 7 years old)68. As mentioned above, in the revision tale Nikita

In the scribe book of Tver in 1685, the priest Ivan Naumov is also listed at the Myronositsa Church, having three sons - “Mitka, married, Eufimko - 6 years old” (the name of the third is not given, probably this is Nikita). Finally, in the Tver census book of 1677, Ivan Naumov is still named as the priest of the Myronositsk Church71.

Trace the genealogy of these individuals over more early period does not seem possible: in the Tver scribe book of 1626 it is indicated that the Myronositsky Church was “empty” (there was no clergyman), and the priest of the Kosmodamian Church came to serve (“sing”).

At the same time, the given data provides information about the brother of the priest of the Nativity Monastery Nikita Ivanov - the priest of the Myronositsk Church Efim Ivanov. During the 1st revision, Efim is no longer mentioned among the Tver clergy, but in the tale of the cathedral protodeacon Nikifor Ivanov, his brother-in-law Semyon Efimov is indicated - “the son of the priests of the city of Tver Zagorotsky Posad of the Church of the Holy Myrrh-Bearing Women.” Thus, we receive information not only about the son of priest Efim Ivanov, but also about his son-in-law - Protodeacon of Preobrazhensky cathedral. In relation to Semyon, a note was made in the fairy tale: “This Semyon Efimov, according to the promemory sent from the bishop’s order, was assigned to the Church of the Myrrh-Bearing Women as a sexton.”

Hereditary service at churches. "Ancient" clergy

However, 10 of these clergy were the sons of persons who relatively recently came to Tver and were Tver clergymen only in the first generation (all of them were also at city churches during the 1st revision): priest of the Simeon Church Nikifor Evdokimov (son of the cathedral archpriest and grandson of the priest of the Tver district), deacon of the Nikitsky Church Fyodor Timofeev (son of the cathedral priest and grandson of the townsman), sexton of the Simeonovsky Church Efim Afanasyev (son of the priest of the same church and grandson of the servant of the Otroch monastery), deacon of the Baptist Church Clement Petrov and sexton of the Baptist Church Adrian Petrov ( sons of the priest of the same church and grandchildren of the priest of the Tver district), deacon of the Borisoglebskaya Church Nikita Artemyev (son of the priest of the Arkhangelsk Church and grandson of the priest of the Tver district) and his cousin- sexton of the Arkhangelsk Church Vasily Gerasimov (son of the sexton of the same church and grandson of the priest of the Tver district), priest Vladimir Fedorov, sexton Pavel Fedorov, sexton Ivan Fedorov, who served in the Afanasyevsky monastery (sons of the priest of the same monastery and grandchildren of the priest of the Tver district). Two clerics - sexton Alexey Kononov and sexton Fyodor Kononov, who served at the St. John's Church in the Kremlin, were the sons of the priest of the same church, Konon Titov (formerly the "Kresttsovsky" priest), whose origins are unknown. Another clergyman, deacon of the Myronositsk Church, Ivan Vasiliev, also did not belong to the “old” Tver clergy: his father, deacon of the Simeon Church Vasily Nikitich Seleznev (no longer listed among the city clergy during the 1st revision) was the son of a townsman.

Thus, 78 people out of 109 (71.5%) belonged to the “ancient” Tver clergy, who were the sons of clergy and served at city churches in 1723. Appeal to sources (census books of 1677 and 1709, scribe book of 1685 , fairy tales of the 1st revision) makes it possible to restore family ties of Tver clergy and clergy and identify them within common families and clans. Analysis of these documents allows us to identify 34 types of clergy to which these clerics belonged. Regarding almost half of these genera - 16, we can only talk about two known generations that consisted of Tver clergy by 1723, but some of the clans were represented among the city clergy by no less than the third generation (12 clans), and in some cases by the fourth generation (6 clans).

Let us note that the given data give only an approximate picture, since in the vast majority of cases it is not possible to establish the original origin of the clergy clans and the time of their arrival in Tver: as a rule, the first identified members of these clans are mentioned at the service in Tver already in the second half XVII century The only exception is the clerical clan, whose representatives were at the beginning of the 18th century. clergy of the cathedral and several parish churches of Tver. Their probable ancestor is the cleric of the St. Nicholas Church in Volhynia, Danila Osipov, son of Polikarpov, who served here as a sexton already during the scribal description of 1626, and later was a priest. In 1723, his grandchildren and great-grandchildren (that is, representatives of the third and fourth generations of the family) were at the Tver churches: cathedral deacon Leonty Nikitin, priest of the Filippov Church Alexey Ivanov, as well as all members of the clergy of the St. Nicholas Church in Volyn (see genealogy list in the appendix)86.

Among the clergy who served at the beginning of the 18th century. at the Tver churches already in the fourth Cosmodamian Church Stepan Grigoriev is the great-grandson of the priest of the Afanasyevsky Monastery Matvey, the clergy of the Ascension Church beyond the Volga (priest Ivan Alekseev and deacon Mikhail Alekseev) are the great-grandsons of the priest of the same church Gregory (see the genealogical list in the appendix), clergy of the Mina church , Victor and Vincent (deacon Mikhail Vasiliev and deacon Timofey Vasiliev) are the great-grandsons of the priest of the same church, Nikifor (see the genealogy in the appendix), the sexton of the Nikita Church Timofey Kirillov is the great-grandson of the priest of the same church, Lukyan (see the genealogy in the appendix), the deacon of the Catherine Church, Ivan Andreev, is the great-grandson of the priest of the same church, Kirill Grigoriev (see diagram I)87.

Perhaps one of the clergy of Tver, deacon of the Ascension Church in Zagorodsky Posad, Andrei Nikiforovich Blokhin, was a fifth-generation Tver cleric, being a descendant of the priest of the Nativity Monastery, Nikifor, who served here in the mid-17th century. (see diagram 14)88.

A.V. Kartashev noted that “heredity was created not only in the broad sense of the profession, but also in the narrow sense of inheritance of the very place occupied by the priest, the father of the family, which, of course, undermined, if not completely abolished, the meaning of the inertia of the ongoing elective principle.”

Just as in other regions, in Tver clergy quite often continued to serve at the same church from generation to generation. The fate of the family that labored in the 17th-18th centuries is very indicative. at the Nikitsky Church. In the middle of the 17th century. here and then became a priest of the same church90. During the 1st revision, the clergy at this church were the descendants of Fyodor Lukyanov: the priest was his son Mina (formerly a sexton), the sexton was his son Vasily, the sexton was his grandson Timofey Kirillov91. Later, Timofey Kirillov’s son Ivan became a deacon of the Nikitsky Church and served at the church until he left the state in 1795 (see the genealogy in the appendix)92.

Appointment to clergy positions, spiritual education and features of parish service

If the “ancient” clergy can be conditionally called the “hereditary aristocracy,” then in the cities at the same time there were clergy, who can just as conditionally be considered representatives of the “serving aristocracy.” In Tver, these, first of all, should include the archpriests of the cathedral, and in Rzhev and Ostashkov the archpriests of the city cathedrals.

The priest who headed the clergy of the cathedral always had the rank of archpriest, and in the 18th century. (as in an earlier period) was called “cathedral archpriest” or “cathedral archpriest”, and after turning this rank into an honorary award, he was called in the diocesan center - “full-time archpriest of the cathedral”, and in district cities - rector. At the same time, the cathedral archpriest, in essence, was the leading person among the white clergy of the diocese and was often the closest assistant to the ruling bishop. Naturally, such a position distinguished him from among the clergy, made him the most important figure among the provincial clergy and often significantly affected the fate of his descendants146. Within the district, this person was the rector of the city cathedral. For example, one of the foreigners, noting that the white clergy in Russia in the 18th century. was “in great neglect”, he made a reservation: “except for the archpriests in On the special position of cathedral archpriests in the pre-imperial period, see: Stefanovich P.S. Parish and parish clergy in Russia in the 16th - 17th centuries. M., 2002. pp. 222-223. Tregubov S. Religious life of Russians and the state of the clergy in the 18th century. on the memoirs of foreigners // Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological Academy. 1884. No. 9. P. 76. M.G. Rabinovich wrote: “The cathedral church was the center of the religious life of the entire city and exercised leadership functions in relation to all other city churches” (Rabinovich M.G. Aka.

In Tver at the end of the 17th century. the archpriest was John Andreev, who was last mentioned at the cathedral in 1698. Some of his descendants were among the clerks, others among the wealthy Tver merchants (both bore the name Protopopov and owned acquired serfs), some continued to serve at churches Tver (see diagram 7).

In 1699, another archpriest, Daniel, was already serving at the cathedral, who is mentioned here in 1711 (during this period he was the owner of land “on rent” at the Boris and Gleb Church of Tver)149. He was probably the son of the priest of the Boris and Gleb Church, Mikhail Kondratyev, and had previously served as a clerk at the same church150. The son of the archpriest, Mikhail Danilovich Zhukov, became a clerk in the bishop's house, and later in the Tver spiritual consistory and owned several purchased serfs151. Another son of the priest of the Borisoglebsk Church, Mikhail Kondratyev, was Ivan Mikhailov, who probably succeeded his brother at the cathedral and held the position of archpriest until his death in 1722. One of his sons, Judas, and his descendants were clergymen at the churches of Tver, and another son, Fyodor Zhukov, became a clerk of the Tver Provincial Chancellery (see the genealogy in the appendix).

After the death of Ivan Mikhailov, the cathedral archpriest in Tver became the sacristan of the cathedral, Evdokim Naumov, the grandson of the townsman and the son of the priest of the village of Konstantinovsky, Tver district (otherwise known as Konstantinovskaya Yamskaya Sloboda). The last time Evdokim was mentioned was by an employee at the cathedral in 1728.154 One of his sons, Joachim, was

The next Tver archpriest, Kozma Semenov, was first mentioned at the cathedral in the 1730s. There is no reliable information about its origin. Perhaps he came from the clergy of Kashin and in 1723 he was appointed to the place of deacon of the Transfiguration Cathedral156.

His successor, Archpriest Fedot Andreev, was the son of the priest of the village of Ostretsova, Tver district, Andrei Zakharov. Just like his predecessors, he did not receive theological education (“Fedot did not study in schools anywhere”), but made a fairly fast career: from 1745 he occupied the place of deacon at the Transfiguration Cathedral, and a year later he was ordained priest, in 1747 he became a key priest, and in 1748 he became a cathedral archpriest. His promotion was undoubtedly facilitated by the cathedral cleric Sergei Andreev, who was obviously his brother: when Fedot was ordained to the rank of deacon, he “vouched for him,” and Fedot took the place of cleric after the death of Sergei in 1746.157 Subsequently, the son of Sergei Andreev - Matvey was a protodeacon at the cathedral, the same position was held by one of the sons of Fedot Andreev - Lukian, and another son - Alexey Fedotovich Protopopov was first a subdeacon at the cathedral, then a priest (see diagram 15).

Andrey Viktorovich Matison(born November 11, 1970, Moscow) is a Russian historian, archaeographer and genealogist, a leading specialist in the scientific study of the genealogy of the Orthodox clergy of Russia. Doctor of Historical Sciences.

Biography

Graduated from the Institute of History and Archives of the Russian State University for the Humanities. In 1999 he defended his PhD thesis on the topic “Genealogy of the Moscow commercial and industrial elite, 1801-1863.” In 2015, he defended his doctoral dissertation (approved by the Higher Attestation Commission in 2016) on the topic “City clergy of Russia in the 18th century. (historical and genealogical research based on materials from the Tver diocese).” Head of department of the Main Archival Directorate of Moscow.

Since 2016 - editor-in-chief of the scientific almanac "Russian Genealogy", published by the Genealogical Association of the Russian Society of Historian-Archivists.

Books

Genealogy of the Orthodox parish clergy of Russia in the 18th – early 20th centuries: History of the Moshchansky family. - M.: Scientific book, 2000. - 120 p. - 500 copies.- ISBN 5-7671-0003-9

Clergy of the Tver diocese of the 18th – early 20th centuries: Genealogical paintings. - First issue. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2002. - 216 p. - ISBN 5-94030-022-7; Second issue. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2003. - 180 p. - ISBN 5-94030-037-5; Issue three. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2004. - 202 p. - ISBN 5-94030-053-7; Issue four. - St. Petersburg: VIRD Publishing House, 2005. - 200 p. - ISBN 5-94030-066-9; Issue five. - St. Petersburg: Anatolia, 2007. - 206 p. - ISBN 978-5-745201-21-9; Issue six. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2011. - 178 p. - ISBN 978-5-904043-57-5; Issue seven. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2013. - 212 p. - ISBN 978-5-904043-97-1; Issue eight. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2014. - 238 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-20-1; Issue nine. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2015. - 204 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-39-3; Issue ten. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2016. - 198 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-70-6

Orthodox clergy of the Russian city of the 18th century: genealogy of the clergy of Tver - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2009. - 268 p. - 500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-904043-24-7

Urban and rural clergy of the Tver diocese in the middle of the 19th century: Directory. - M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2015. - 512 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-62-1

Publications of sources

“How much pasture has there been since the death of the named archpriest Afonasy Petrov and exactly what kind of pasture remains.” The case of the property of Archpriest Afanasy Lebedev. Second half of the 18th century. // Historical archive. - 2012. - No. 5. - P. 187-196

Census books of Tver of the 17th century. M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2014 - 124 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-19-5

Scribe and land survey book of Tver 1685-1686. M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2014 - 348 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-32-4

Scribes and census books of the Eldress of the 17th century. M.: Staraya Basmannaya, 2016 - 196 p. - ISBN 978-5-906470-52-2

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