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The world around us is amazing and diverse. Of course, it is impossible to know everything in the world, but still there are such obvious things that we should be a little ashamed not to know.

website I have collected several basic facts that can be useful in life and simply must be generally known.

14. Frankenstein is the name of a scientist, not the name of a monster.

• We are thinking: Frankenstein is a character in novels, films, and theatrical productions - a monster, a monster who has risen from the dead.
• In fact: In Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus, Victor Frankenstein is a student who creates a living creature from dead matter. The revived creature turns out to be a monster. But this monster did not have a name in the original source. Frankenstein's monster is the correct name for this character.

13. Hypothermia is not the cause of a cold

• We are thinking: If you're cold outside, expect a cold.
• In fact: What we call the common cold is a viral infection. This means that it can be caused by a virus that is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person. Another thing is that cold weather may be favorable for the virus: according to a new study, at low temperatures the number of antiviral signals produced by the immune system is sharply reduced. But still, if the virus does not enter your body, then cold weather will definitely not give you a cold.

12. The expression “third world countries” has nothing to do with poverty and backwardness

• What we think: When we say “third world countries,” we mean poor developing countries.
• In fact: After World War II, the world was divided into 3 large geopolitical blocs. The “First World” began to be called the block of democratic countries in the US sphere of influence, and the “Second World” - the eastern bloc of socialist states. And the “third world” is the remaining 3/4 of the countries of the world that were not part of any bloc.

11. Chameleons don’t change their skin color to blend in with their environment.

• We are thinking: The chameleon changes its color when it is in danger in order to blend in with its surroundings and become invisible.
• In fact: The change in skin color of this animal is caused by its emotional and physiological state. It is also a unique way of communicating with other animals and regulating body temperature.

10. Deodorant and antiperspirant are not the same thing.

• We are thinking: Deodorant and antiperspirant are synonyms, they act according to the same scheme, they have the same purpose.
• In fact: Our sweat has no odor. The unpleasant odor that we smell is due to the proliferation of bacteria. Antiperspirants are designed to fight moisture - namely sweat, while deodorants only fight odor. A deodorant is a cosmetic product, but an antiperspirant temporarily changes the functioning of the skin, suppressing the secretion of sweat.

9. Ducks should not be fed bread.

• We are thinking: How nice it is to sit on the river bank on a fine day and feed the ducks a loaf of bread.
• In fact: Such food is not healthy for ducks and is even dangerous. The fact is that bread does not contain any nutrients for birds, but they like its taste. They fill their stomachs with bread and do not get truly healthy food. This diet leads to disease when the ducks' wings become deformed.

8. Each of us has the perfect six-pack abs

7. Small bumps on the letters F and J on the keyboard - for optimal finger position

• We are thinking: What are these strange convex stripes on the letters F and J for? Maybe for blind people?
• In fact: When we type, our fingers rest on the A, S, D and F keys (left hand) and J, K and L (right hand). you can immediately position your fingers without looking at the keyboard, and these convex lines were drawn on which you need to place both index fingers.

6. Fish should not be kept in a round aquarium.

• We are thinking: A round aquarium with a goldfish is an excellent decoration for your home, and also a great pet. You can often see such a picture in movies and cartoons.
• In fact: Such aquariums are very harmful. Firstly, there is no place for a filter - the water in the aquarium quickly becomes dirty, and daily water changes are a lot of stress for the fish. There is no room for a heater either - hence the large temperature fluctuations. The area of ​​the upper edge of the water is small, which means that the amount of oxygen dissolved in it decreases. And these are not all the arguments against such an inhumane aquarium.

5. The rear view mirror in the car can be switched to night mode to prevent you from being blinded.

• We are thinking: It’s terribly unpleasant when at night the light from car headlights reflected in the mirror seems to hit you straight into your eyes. But nothing can be done.
• In fact: Most cars have manual rear view mirrors. If you have one, then simply click the loop on the bottom of the mirror. The angle of the reflection will change, allowing you to see everything behind you without being blinded.

(about introductory words, phrases and sentences)

(continuation)

E. Gekkina, S. Belokurova, S. Drugoveyko-Dolzhanskaya

Actually, actually. I I don't like ice cream at all(in general = at all; in a sentence it is a circumstance of degree, therefore the comma is not highlighted) - In general, I don't like ice cream(in general = generally speaking; there is no syntactic connection with the rest of the sentence, therefore in general - the introductory word and a comma (commas) are highlighted). The word is actually introductory; compare: We, in fact, always take into account scientific data about the weather, but we don’t forget about signs.

Mostly. Most often it acts as an adverb with the meaning ‘in general, in the main’ ( By the end of the day these issues were mostly resolved), however, it can have the meaning of an introductory construction with the meaning ‘usually’ (accordingly, there is no grammatical connection with the members of the sentence): Basically, these are nocturnal butterflies, but representatives of some families can be found during the day.

Basically . The combination, in principle, can be used as a member of a sentence (adverbial adverbial adverbial adverbial clause), and in colloquial speech sometimes as an introductory combination. Wed: It's all about the principle(addition), You're basically right(circumstance, in principle = basically, in general), In principle, it would not be worth doing this(introductory word; cf. generally speaking). It is not always easy to distinguish between adverbial and introductory constructions, but you need to keep in mind that the introductory word is not a member of the sentence (in the last example it is impossible to ask the question how, in what way?) and is most often located at the beginning (sometimes at the end) of the sentence , in isolation from the word to which it could relate as a circumstance.

However. The word, however, can play the role of both an introductory word (and then it is set off with commas) and an adversative conjunction (which is not set off with commas). The conjunction, however, stands at the beginning of the sentence (or its subordinate part) and is used
1) to connect words and parts of a complex sentence and indicates that the information conveyed in them eliminates the finality and categoricalness of the information communicated in the previous part and, therefore, limits it ( He didn’t go to college this year, but he has everything ahead of him);
2) to connect words and parts of a complex sentence and indicates that the information that is positive in some respect, which is said before the conjunction, is limited to the negative information that is reported after it ( The novel is interesting, but not in all parts).
The introductory word, however, expresses indecision, hesitation, doubt ( Here you are smiling. But maybe I’m not saying what I need to say).

In its turn. It may have the meaning of an introductory construction indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation (the queue is established according to the author’s understanding), and in this case it should be highlighted with a comma; compare: It is necessary to reduce banking risks in the field of loan repayments. This, in turn, will reduce interest rates on loans to the population.
The phrase can also act in an adverbial meaning (= in response, for one’s part; indicates the real state of affairs and the real sequence of events, actions, etc.), is a member of a sentence and is not separated by commas; compare: An increase in the cost of gasoline will, in turn, lead to an increase in prices for consumer goods..

Generally. It is an introductory combination if it reports a certain conclusion that the author of the text brings; compare: In general, the observation results allow us to conclude...(generally means: speaking generally, taking into account entirely everything that was said earlier). At the same time, in general it can be an ordinary member of a sentence, closely related in meaning to other members; compare: lobby the interests of not only individual participants, but also the market as a whole; I liked some of the numbers, and indeed the whole program as a whole.

In particular. An introductory combination is used in particular to indicate a person, object, phenomenon, concept, etc., which illustrate something common by highlighting, emphasizing any aspect of this common thing, and act as a specific example showing the nature of the set of similar objects being discussed ; compare: Many modern writers (in particular, Zalygin, Rasputin, etc.) joined the fight for environmental protection.

Really. The adverb really means ‘in reality, in fact, truly’: The father-in-law himself came to his daughter-in-law, who was really unwell(in the example, word rearrangement is impossible); All this is absolutely true, I really am like that; It felt like the girl was really sad...
Introductory actually refers to introductory words with a modal meaning that expresses the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being communicated (confidence, assumption, doubt, uncertainty, etc.): of course, undoubtedly, certainly, indisputably, obviously, without any doubt, probably, in all likelihood, in fact, of course, self-evidently, maybe, should be, probably, perhaps, apparently, really etc. For example: Indeed, somewhere in the distance the sound of numerous wings was heard(M. Bulgakov); Indeed, the human soul is darkness. In a sentence He is truly a talented scientist the very meaning at which the combination is introductory can be expressed (the speaker shows that the statement seems indisputable to him). This is confirmed by the possibility of rearranging a word in a sentence: Indeed, he is a talented scientist; He is truly a talented scientist. On the other hand, if a scientist is actually talented, in reality, and many people know about this, then there is really no need to highlight it with commas, because it acts as an adverb.

Naturally. Depending on the context, the word acts either as a member of a sentence or as an introductory one. Wed. sentences given in pairs: The group naturally claims to be the elite(naturally used in the syntactic function of an adverb expressed by an adverb with the meaning ‘in a natural way’). – The group naturally claims to be the elite(naturally used as an introductory word meaning ‘of course’).

IMHO. It is used as an introductory word, therefore, it must be separated (separated) by commas, like other similar constructions; compare: IMHO, it’s still better to consult a professional. Those who know English can easily expand this abbreviation to the original expression in my humble opinion, which translated means in my humble opinion. However, this word can also be used as a noun; compare: Sorry, I’m not an expert, but I’d like to express my IMHO.

Certainly. If this word is used as an introductory word, then it expresses the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what is being reported and his confidence in it: He, of course you're right(= goes without saying, without a doubt, of course - an introductory word). Sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated, for example: Of course it's true!; Of course this is not true; Of course, I would have come if I had been warned in advance. Wed: - Do you agree? – Only in principle, of course(= of course). – But in principle do you agree? - In principle, of course(= yes). Wed. also of course in the role of a particle: – Do you love music? - Certainly.

Probably (probably, for sure). This word can also be an adverb meaning ‘exactly, undoubtedly true’, although this use is considered obsolete ( I probably know about this), and an introductory word with the meaning ‘probably, apparently, in all likelihood’ ( I'll probably go after all).

At first sight. If the combination at first sight expresses the author’s assessment of what is being communicated, and in this case it relates both to the degree of reliability of what is being expressed and to a certain order in the speaker’s perception or in the presentation of judgments, then it is introductory and requires commas: At first sight, he is a cultured man. However, it can also act as a circumstance - according to the conditions of the context (which, first of all, should include the semantics of a verb capable of carrying such a circumstance): He's already at first sight seemed like a thorough person.

In fact. In fact, it can also be an adverbial combination meaning ‘in reality; just the way it is’ ( Everything that they just told you happened in reality.). It can also act as an introductory phrase, indicating, as a rule, the demand of the speaker who does not agree with some actions of the addressee: Don’t joke like that, in fact, you can get scared! Well, in fact, do you keep following me and following me? In such cases, according to linguists, the introductory phrase is preferable Indeed.

Without a doubt. The word undoubtedly can act as an adverb with the meaning ‘indisputably, obviously’: She undoubtedly has good artistic abilities. By way of introduction, it indicates the author's high degree of confidence in what he is reporting: You are undoubtedly right in your decision. This word also acts as a particle expressing confident confirmation: - Will you even come back? - Without a doubt.

There are rules in the Russian language, the formulation of which turns out to be quite complex, it is difficult to reduce it to some kind of elementary scheme (for example, the rule for spelling adverbs). At first glance, the rule for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and sentences consists of a single formulation - they are highlighted on both sides of the letter with commas. However, in fact, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in texts lead to a huge number of errors in the written work of schoolchildren and applicants.

Standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The introductory word is not highlighted;
A word is highlighted that is mistakenly taken as an introductory one, but is not one;
The writer uses punctuation marks inaccurately when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article you can find four cases of using the rule for punctuation with introductory words, although there is only one introductory word - “for example”. The word “however” is not introductory in the proposed context, performing the function of the conjunction “but”; the combinations “at first glance” and “in fact”, considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence are called introductory. Introductory words are not parts of a sentence; they cannot be asked questions. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in the overall outline of the sentence and represent comments that are not related or not closely related to the overall meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses an emphasizing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, parentheses.

Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rules for using introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately they understood the proposed section of the rule, after each fragment they will be offered exercises for independent analysis. Our exercises are somewhat different from those offered in most textbooks. These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not entirely traditional in content, but extremely rich in introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work through the completed section of the rule.

Basic rule: The introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is related to inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, possibly, true, maybe, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, remember...
6. introductory words, which represent the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: do you see, know, understand, forgive, please, agree...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the extent of what is being said: at most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of normality of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: jokes aside, it’s funny to say, honestly, between us...

Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in writing:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice..., by direction..., by request..., by order..., by plan...- these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.

Task 1. Place the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.

To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories and between us romance novels. Firstly, it seems that I don’t always correctly grasp the author’s intention, but I can well follow the twists and turns of the plot of a crime story. Secondly, I am absolutely not interested in descriptions of the fictional experiences of the characters, so I, as usual, skip almost half of the book. Apparently I am just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read “serious” literature. In addition, this literature, in my opinion, is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practical activities, in other words, the unemployed, and detective stories are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities, who, you agree, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they are describing. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels, unfortunately, seem to be copied from one another, but the plots can, without any doubt, excite even an honored philologist.
For example, one cannot help but be captivated by novels about the everyday life of police officers. According to literary scholars, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intelligence, but believe me, the pleasure of the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that intelligence increases as if on its own. Sometimes the reader guesses before the characters in the novel who, according to the author’s plan, is committing a crime. Maybe it is precisely this illusion of your superiority over the police officers participating in the action that gives you, among other things, a feeling of involvement in the novel’s plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine themselves as one of the heroes of a postmodern novel.
Further, any detective reading knows that evil will ultimately be punished and, of course, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good, and in my opinion, this alone is a fairly compelling reason for the publication of such works that essentially do not bother anyone. Maybe many will not agree with me, but you must agree, we all know people who have never mastered “War and Peace” and are unlikely to remember the contents of the novel “Oblomov”, but to be honest, even my friends, professors and academicians, often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, SEEMED act as introductory notes if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - Maybe I’ll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time encountering such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can turn out to be predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! This should be your own decision. This all seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SEEN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your action? Next month I may go on vacation. Apparently you don't want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be included in the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (= should be) do not understand how important it is to do this on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are just our assumptions for now. These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time” - I’ll go for a walk, by the way, I’ll buy bread.
BY THE WAY, it turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts - Her parents, friends and, by the way, her best friend are against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, it indicates a connection of thoughts - First of all (=first of all), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all? The same word can act as an adverb of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase “first of all” can be considered either introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, PROPERLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - From this hill, really (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the best view opened up. There is no doubt (=really, really) that your child is capable of music. He certainly read this novel. - or to the method of forming thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally,” depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.
THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, FINALLY as introductory words they indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our conclusions. Thus (=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Typically, sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations; the words themselves have the meaning “and also.” In the context above, the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “on the one hand”, etc. may appear. “Thus” in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

These same words are not highlighted as introductory in meaning: “in this way” = “in this way” - In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet. “Next” = “then” - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Typically, time adverbials, such as “first,” are found in the previous context. “Later” = “then, after that” - And then he became a famous scientist. “Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything” - Finally, all the affairs were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning the particle “-that” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for “finally”, the combination “eventually” is not introductory - Eventually (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - Rain, however, has been falling for the second week, despite weather forecasters. How cleverly I did it, however! “However” does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (=but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We didn't expect to meet, but we were lucky.
GENERALLY is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking”, when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always” - Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
IN MY opinion, IN YOUR opinion, IN OUR opinion, IN YOUR opinion are introductory, indicating the source of the message - Your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you with everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted with a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle - I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, indicate the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of “always, under any circumstances,” this combination is not introductory - In any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, more often than not, it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with this. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you really pretending to be a smart guy?
IN ITS TURN it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way thoughts are formed - Among the many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, “The Novel” can be especially highlighted. Having asked me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced with the words “therefore”, “therefore” - The message is complex, which means it needs to be conveyed today. The rain has already stopped, which means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, it means she feels she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means” - A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him with everything. “So” can appear between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means” - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it. – In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher grades you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study little, the grades will be bad; the comma before “and” ends up at the end of the sentence - it’s like a complex sentence, where “on the contrary” replaces its second Part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “on the contrary” replaces a homogeneous subordinate clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meaning of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM VIEWPOINT is introductory meaning "in opinion" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest mark. The same phrase may have the meaning “in relation to” and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) – I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general” - The conversation turned to politics in general and in particular about the latest government decisions.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate a fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination may be part of a connecting construction, in which case, if it is at the beginning or end of it, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government’s promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like about him mainly is his attitude towards his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is an extremely attentive person to his appearance, for example, he carefully cares for his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated term, then it is not isolated from this phrase by a comma - In many large cities, for example in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there may be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Task 2. In the text below, place punctuation marks for introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language had to be used.

Student 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Naturally, his laziness led to him getting bad grades at school, and therefore, of course, he was also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the joy of all the teachers, he received a “B”, but Nikita did not often have the desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe some other unpleasant chores around the house, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and, of course, football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school; some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even brought pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language caused unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn’t have it. Coming home from school, he first turned on the computer and played for at least an hour with a toy that was interesting and useful from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quick reaction undoubtedly inherent in a boy. He really loved sports, and then a boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. In fact, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important thing to be “A” in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded that I go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was precisely during these half-hours that laziness attacked Nikita, at least this state could only be called that way. The boy listlessly flipped through the pages of his textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was discussed in class and convincing himself that he already remembered everything, and closed the books. Thus, the lessons ultimately remained undone, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. You don't really think so?

Does “really” stand apart?

Isolation of a phrase IN FACT depends on the context in which it is used.

If this phrase in a sentence actually makes sense, and this happens most often, then it is a member of the sentence, and not an introductory expression.

And then IN FACT is not isolated.

For example. The student actually prepared very well for the exam.

Collocation IN FACT It can also be introductory, although less often. In this case, it serves to express feelings such as indignation, bewilderment, indignation, etc., and is not a member of the sentence. It is introductory and therefore stands apart.

For example. How long will you really be kicking ass?

Collocation In fact is more often adverb And not isolated in a sentence. In value it is equal really; just the way it is.

Although I appear to be talkative and active, I am actually a rather shy person.

Collocation In fact May be introductory, if in context it sounds like a disagreement between the speaker and the interlocutor.

Well, what are you really saying?

In this case, the introductory phrase In fact separated by commas.

The introductory word is isolated, so it needs to be separated by commas.

And if in fact it is not introductory, then commas are no longer needed here.

What do you really need, Vasily? - an introductory word (in fact, it can be removed without much loss of meaning).

In fact, the kitchen was smaller than I thought. - not an introductory word (cannot be omitted).

If the phrase actually has the meaning actually or really, then it is separated by commas, since it is an introductory construction.

Example sentence: Let's actually get down to our work. This phrase can also appear at the beginning of a sentence:

In fact, let's get down to our work.

If the phrase is actually a member of a sentence, then it is not separated by commas. This can also be determined by the contradiction that exists in the context of the proposal.

Example: He wasn't really any kind of singer.

A comma can actually come before it if the sentence is complex.

Example: Although I am talkative, I am actually quite modest.

How to distinguish the adverb REALLY from the water word REALLY? The peculiarity of introductory words is that they form the second plane of speech, that is, they express not the content of the statement, but the attitude towards this content.

Introductory words relate to a specific topic and can indicate: a) the correspondence of the message with reality from the point of view of the speaker (actual, possible, desired); b) expressing feelings and addressing the interlocutor; c) speech design; d) indication of the source of information. Introductory words are always isolated.

The introductory word REALLY has the following meanings: 1) correspondence to reality: What else, in fact, does a person really need? 2) initial argument: In fact, let's imagine a model of the process being studied. 3) author’s feeling (indignation, bewilderment): Why are you really all following me?!

The adverb REALLY does not really stand alone with its meaning, for example: Do you really think so? His office was not really an office, but only part of the room. In practice, the expression ACTUALLY is more often an adverb.

If this is an adverb that appears in the text, then it is not separated by any commas.

For example: When I opened the cauldron, I thought it was mashed potatoes, although in fact it was peas.

If this phrase is introductory, then it must be separated by commas.

For example: What are you, in fact, like children!

• Is it actually separated by commas?

  A combination of words can, in fact, be highlighted by commas, or vice versa, used in a variety of sentences without punctuation marks. It is only necessary to distinguish what this phrase is used for:

  • if used as an introductory word, then commas must be included (for example, Well, what else do you really need from me?);
  • if used in a different meaning, then there is no need to separate anything with commas (for example, This suspicious person was actually a fraudster, that is, it is understood here that he really is a fraudster).

In fact, it stands out only if it is an introductory word, that is, strengthening confidence. I actually accomplished everything I needed.

Second case: In fact, he was just a postman, but he was posing as a minister.

Do you really need to use commas or not?

The adverbial combination is not actually isolated, unlike the introductory word. Although this combination can be in the introductory construction and, therefore, separated by commas, it is found much less frequently in this function.

She said that she was Misha's mother, but in fact she turned out to be his aunt.

And compare:

But what are you, Pyotr Vasilyevich, actually slandering your poor daughter?

Good afternoon, there are options when you actually need to highlight with commas, but there are cases when you shouldn’t do this.

If you use these words to mean fact or reality, then these words will be independent members of the sentence and do not require a comma. Example:

And when using these words as an introductory combination, you will need commas. Example.

There are phrases in the Russian language that cannot be immediately mentioned - these are introductory constructions or members of a sentence, which, of course, creates a certain complexity in the formulation. Today we will consider one such case. Is it necessary to separate “actually” with commas?

The rule itself

Nominally there is nothing to be confused about. If the object of research is an introductory combination and it is similar in meaning to the expressions “actually” and “in fact,” then commas are always used. But when the meaning is “actually” and “in reality,” then commas are completely unnecessary.

The reader was probably horrified by the subtleties of isolation or, conversely, non-isolation; let him not despair. Practice shows that authors of fiction also prefer not to rack their brains over commas and not to use them in this case.

In addition, no matter how you look at it, it is very difficult for even the author himself to understand whether he is expressing some kind of emotion, which means “in fact” is set off with commas, or whether he is stating a fact that actually took place. All this is very contradictory and conditional. And it would be okay if there was only one author. What if there is another editor who sees the text a little differently. In any case, here are some examples:

• “Vanya actually drank a liter of milk.”
• “I actually already packed my things and came to say goodbye.”

Mentally replace “actually” in the second sentence with “actually”, and nothing will collapse.

The only problem is that there is also a double interpretation possible here. After all, the nameless hero really packed his things. Therefore, whatever one may say, it is worth recognizing the wisdom of the authors of fiction who answer negatively to the question: “Is ‘really’ separated by commas?”

You can eliminate the structure and forget about it

The easiest way to save yourself from suffering is to remove the introductory phrase from the phrase, even if it is not one. In many sentences where there is an object of study, the latter, of course, adds some colors, shades of meaning, but they can be neglected in order to save oneself from linguistic torture.

For example:

• “The color of the car was actually blue.”
• "Lena could actually play Chopin."

To be honest, in the second sentence I still want to remove the commas, and this, in turn, proves the correctness of our previous thought: in such constructions “in fact” can be removed without any embarrassment or damage to the meaning.

Another way is to strive for greater clarity

Respecting language practice, you need to write sentences so that they are not ambiguous. In other words, you can get rid of introductory words, even if they are not at all introductory. In the two examples above, nothing will change if we remove “in fact”, and the commas will have absolutely nothing to do with it - how wonderful that is!

If you really can’t get away from the object of research, then you can use it safely. Moreover, tradition does not insist on highlighting it, for example, in the following sentences:

• “No, Seryoga, you’re not telling everything like that, in fact, everything was like this.”
• "I didn't get a '4', in fact I got a '5'."

Here, there is no question whether a comma is placed after “actually” or not. Everything is really obvious. And when there is no opposition between two points of view, then it can be interpreted either way.

Synonyms are salvation

The correct remedy is to replace it with a synonym, or rather, with a semantic analogue. Moreover, this should not be a replacement of one for another, sewing for soap. The sentence must be shifted towards either the introductory combination or that element of the sentence that does not need to be isolated.

But, when you no longer have the strength to choose and are tormented by the question of whether “in fact” is highlighted by commas or not, you can resort to replacements and thereby put an end to the torment. Replacement options:

• in reality (usually does not require commas, but the author can do anything);
• practically (does not need isolation);
• actually (similar to the previous one);
• turns out (may or may not stand out, depending on the context);
• indeed (similar to the previous one).

In other words, if you can painlessly replace the object of study with the words that occupied the first three positions in the list, then commas are not needed.

Author, editor, reader

The topic is complex and dual. And in fact, nothing definite can be said about it, because the will of the author decides a lot here. The reader as an addressee will accept any author's position. If he is educated enough, he will find an explanation for why in one place or another “actually” is separated by commas or, conversely, not separated. In this sense, the reader is more tolerant than the editor.

The editor, on the other hand, may have a different opinion about the text that is in front of him. In the end, what matters is who is the final authority for whom it is written.

The Russian language is so complex that almost any difficult rule has several exceptions, so you cannot choose just one way of writing. When a person is completely exhausted and cannot understand whether a comma is needed after “in fact” or not, then let him turn to the word “it turns out.” The truth here is that we need to look at the context. For example, three sentences:

• “I call him and call him, but it turns out he’s sleeping.”
• “I knock and knock on him, but he doesn’t really hear.”
• “He ends up where he always dreamed.”

The first two cases express the attitude of the speaker, and in the third “in fact” cannot in any way replace “it turns out”, because the meaning of the sentence will “float”.

But the good news is that, we keep repeating, tradition insists on the absence. Therefore, the final answer to the main question is this: commas are not needed.