Petrova Marina Avenirovna
Position: teacher organizer
Educational institution: MAOUDO "House of Children's Art", Cheboksary
Locality: Cheboksary city, Chuvash Republic
Material name: article
Topic:"Risk factors affecting the health of children and adolescents in the educational process"
Date of publication: 17.05.2018
Chapter: additional education
Petrova Marina Avenirovna, teacher-organizer of MAOUDO "House
children's creativity "of the city of Cheboksary, candidate of pedagogical sciences
Risk factors affecting the health of children and adolescents (in
conditions of the educational process at school and in the institution
additional education)
Lifestyle and health- an urgent problem that has gone far beyond
health care interests. Within the framework of the program "Path of Health" MAOUDO "House
children's creativity "of the city of Cheboksary, an analysis of the conditioned factors was carried out,
affecting the health of the younger generation. In the course of the activity, he alerted
the fact that according to the official statistics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and special studies, for
recent years in the state of health and physical development of children and adolescents
there is no improvement. Moreover, modern society, where a huge accumulated
the burden of pathology led to the fact that there are almost no absolutely healthy children.
Purpose of the study: explore educational and extracurricular factors that affect
health of children and adolescents.
Tasks:
1. Identify those factors that negatively affect growth, development and
health of children and adolescents.
2. Analyze these factors in terms of their significance and strength of their influence.
3. Show that educational and extracurricular risk factors have a cumulative
impact, and it turns out to be significant.
Material and research method... Students of educational associations DDT were
offered questionnaires to assess their knowledge of the basics of a healthy lifestyle
(for junior schoolchildren), questionnaire on nutrition problems, self-assessment
health, youth problems (middle and senior level). Anonymous survey
students made it possible to identify the main health risk factors and the dynamics of their
formation. Thus, information was obtained about the lifestyle of children and
adolescents, their attitude to the knowledge of the main components of a healthy lifestyle.
Main part... We have identified a group in the educational process
risk factors that have the most pronounced negative impact on the development and
the state of health of the growing organism. This:
1. Insufficient physical activity.
2. Violation of the daily routine and educational process.
3. Violation of hygienic requirements for educational and club activities.
4. Violation of the organization of food.
5. Lack of hygiene skills in students, the presence of bad habits.
6. Unfavorable psychological microclimate at school and institution
additional education.
Healthy lifestyle unthinkable without the following elements: rational regime
work and rest, good nutrition, the eradication of bad habits, physical
activity, knowledge of the rules of personal hygiene and their strict implementation, as well as
hardening procedures and combating bad habits. Let's consider these factors.
Insufficient physical activity. A diligent child should
engage in (school + home) for 10-12 hours a day, which leads to overwork, deficiency
physical activity, a decrease in the duration of sleep and stay in fresh
Educational and educational process... To evaluate the effectiveness
health-preserving activity used psychophysiological monitoring, in
the process of which an assessment of such personal qualities of students as
motivation, stress resistance, information performance, individual
endurance, fatigue. Impact on student mental health and processes
adaptation to learning activity is provided by such factors as intensification
educational process, compliance of teaching methods and technologies with age and
functional capabilities of students, compliance with hygiene standards and
rules for organizing the educational process, which ensure the prevention of educational
overload and fatigue. The survey showed that the psychological state
the majority of students (64%) do not cause anxiety, and the remaining 36% have a high
level of psychological stress, they have a risk of
psychological deaptation, high anxiety. Such students are distinguished by a reduced
resistance to stress factors, uncertainty in relationships with teachers.
Today, among school graduates, only 3% are healthy children. According to the calculations of the Research Institute of Hygiene and
health protection of children and adolescents SCCH RAMS, in the 5th grade, for example, with a 5-day working
week this very week should be 28 lessons, no more. The survey showed that
many parents rely entirely on school and continuing education institutions and
do not know at all the total hourly load per week. With six days - 31 lessons. In the 6th
class with a five-day period - 29 lessons, with a six-day period - 32. The rate for preparing lessons at home
for pupils in grades 5-6 - 2.5-3 hours. We found that parents do not set for children
the low and high thresholds for the amount of time that should be spent on homework, leading to
lack of control and poor student performance. So, ask more at home than you can.
to do in this time, it is impossible. Fifth-sixth graders cannot sleep less than 9.5-10 hours without harm
for health. They must run, walk, ride about 7 km in a day. Moreover, 3 km for those
hours that are in school! Otherwise, children simply will not be able to sit quietly, listen, delve into,
memorize. They have to walk for 3 hours every day. Follow the correct organization
the daily routine of children and adolescents should be parents, but the school and institutions of additional
formations cannot stand aside. Any teacher must know that educational overload
will inevitably affect the structure of the daily routine, because it will increase the time for cooking
homework and reduce sleep and homework time, and
also being outdoors.
Nutrition and the modern school... On the example of one of the schools of the Moscow district of the city
Cheboksary, in the course of our study, it turned out that school students eat meat (50%)
and fish (15%) daily. From this we conclude that protein deficiency, which is
building material for cells, can cause serious functional
violations. Vegetables are consumed only by 70% of students, fruits and juices - 75%. Undoubtedly,
a lack of vitamins and carbohydrates leads to frequent illnesses, as it reduces immunity. If
consider the nutrition of children, then according to the results of the questionnaire, it can be understood that there are three
once a day only 25%, 45% - whenever they want. In fact, the norm is 4-5 meals a day,
eat less than 4 times a day or when you have to - a big load on the body, especially
on the gastrointestinal tract. If you look at the frequency of diseases, then they get sick from 3 to 5 times in
day 42% of students, 2 times a year - 16%, and 1 time only a quarter of students. Do not have breakfast 20% -
regular refusal to eat breakfast leads to increased fatigue, decreased attention,
poor academic performance, overweight.
What should the school and institutions of additional education do?
to keep your students healthy? A survey of children was carried out and
adolescents, teachers and parents. The most important step is considered to be the organization
healthy eating (2.4), in second place - physical exercise (3.4).
A survey of children showed that physical exercises are very rare, if not
are held in the middle and senior level. The exception is primary school - there
constantly hold dynamic pauses, which has a beneficial effect on the health of children
and adolescents, reduces fatigue and physical inactivity. In third place - strict
observance of the mode of airing of offices (4.0). In fact, very low
the percentage of airing of classrooms, especially before the start of training sessions and at the end
day in circles. Approximately the same number believe that maintaining health will solve
organization of additional sports activities, namely the opening of circles and sections.
changes (4.7 and 4.8), although it is not possible to organize this at present
day, since a school of 1000 people is unlikely to be able to bring this to life.
The same percentage (5.2) is the proposal to add physical education lessons at school,
although now the number of lessons in all grades has been increased to 3. Some students would like
attend 5-6 physical education lessons per week (35%), but some - only one lesson (25
Assessment of your own health. Improving society broadly
unthinkable without the recognition by a person from a very early age of health standards as
vital values. Health is a sign of culture. It gives
a healthy person has much more opportunities for self-realization in all
spheres of life. The survey showed that for children and adolescents, health is at
first place (83%), happiness is in second (42%), labor, unfortunately, only amounts to 33
%, and material well-being matters only for 17%.
Analysis of the ecological state of the school and the institution of additional
education. Since children and adolescents spend most of their time at school and in
circles of additional education, which can rightfully be considered a second home,
then the attitude towards them must change. In creating a supportive atmosphere
houseplants help. Unfortunately, only primary school and some
offices can qualify for the "green zone". In many offices in general
there are no flowers. To the registration of schools and institutions of additional education
children and adolescents themselves should be involved, which will give them more opportunities to show
your knowledge in practice and show your imagination and design skills.
Conclusions. You need to exercise more - this is
the most rational way to prepare yourself for work of a different nature: to master
future profession, to study in a vocational education institution, to occupy
favorite work and in general to life.
It is necessary to conduct explanatory work on the basics of rational nutrition, which
should be carried out not only in the classroom, but also at classroom hours, in circles, in personal
conversations, including with parents. Continue preventive work on
prevention of injuries and prevention of infectious diseases. Necessary
to strengthen the motivation of children to lead a healthy lifestyle, give up bad habits,
to control the time allotted for sleep and homework by the students themselves
assignments, enter control diaries that will help students to realistically assess
state of affairs and make adjustments to your lifestyle.
the order of alternation of various activities and rest during the day, which should
be built in accordance with periods of increase and decrease in working capacity. Important to remember,
that any violation of the regimen can cause stunted growth and normal development
organism. It is necessary during the week to calculate and enter the time spent by students on
each element of the regime. Then compare with hygiene standards. It turns out not
simple but useful thing. This will help you understand why some children and adolescents are successful.
cope with the workload, while others do not. Secondly, material will be collected for
building effective work to preserve the health of children and adolescents, as well as for
evaluating the effectiveness of health-promoting activities of schools and institutions
additional education.
Conclusion. The positive experience gained in the formation of a healthy
lifestyle will allow you to start targeted educational work with children and
adolescents, parents on the prevention of diseases, the importance of adherence
rational daily routine, personal and public hygiene, in which there can be
cultural - leisure and cultural - educational institutions are involved.
The deterioration in the state of health of students cannot be attributed to a negative impact
only school factors. It is necessary to take into account the unfavorable social,
economic conditions, negative influence of environmental factors. But change these
negative factors, with the exception of school factors in the near future
impossible. We concluded that the information that children and adolescents receive on
lessons and in circles, scattered, not systematized, there are no effective methods
shaping the value of health and a healthy lifestyle. Health-preserving
an institution is a place where nothing threatens the child's health, where he can calmly
develop and learn without undue fatigue and nervous tension. We have introduced
suggestions for school administration, teachers, class teachers, teachers
additional education and the students themselves.
Bibliography:
1. Polyakov S.D., Khrushchev S.V., Korneeva I.T. Physical monitoring and correction
health of schoolchildren. - M .: Iris, 2006 - 96p.
2. Bezrukikh M.M., Sonkin V.D., Farber D.A. Age physiology (physiology
development). Textbook for students of pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical
universities. - M .: Academy, 2001.
3. Isaeva S.A. Recess and dynamic breaks at school. A practical guide. -
M .: Ayris-press, 2009 .-- 48 p.: Ill. - Health culture from childhood.
4. Emanuel N.M., Zaikov G.E. Chemistry and food. - M .: Nauka, 1986.-173 p.
5. Semenova A., Vasilyeva A. Beware of colds! - SPb .: Publishing House "Nevsky
prospect ", 1999. -185 p.
6. Kazmin V.D. Smoking, we and our offspring. - M .: Sov. Russia, 1989 .-- 64 p.
7. Sonkin V. Rational nutrition. - M .: Chistye Prudy, 2008 .-- 32 p. -
(Library "September 1", series "Children's Health". Issue 24).
8. Khodosh Yu.R. The culture of consumption. - M .: Politizdat, 1987.-128 p.
9. Landa B.Kh. How to spend a physical education? - M .: Chistye Prudy, 2009 .-- 32 p. -
(Library "September 1", series "Sports at school". Issue 29).
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"September 1st", "Children's Health" series. Issue 34).
Factors affecting children's health
Environmental: Solar radiation, drinking water composition, annual air temperature, humidity, air purity. 80% of children with developmental deficiencies live in areas of chemical and radioactive pollution of the environment, near industrial enterprises, highways, railways, in areas with a high voltage of the electromagnetic field, i.e. in ecologically unfavorable regions of the country. In such conditions, it is especially important to deal with the problem of health, taking into account the peculiarities of the socio-economic conditions of our reality.
Sociocultural: family conditions of life and upbringing (national characteristics, material opportunities, cultural level, religious traditions). Of great importance is the schoolchild's daily routine, conditions for completing homework, parents' interest in school problems, a calm atmosphere at home, and compliance with hygiene standards. Boys have problems much more often, because girls have higher adaptive capabilities.
Biological factors: heredity, the state of health of the mother during pregnancy, impairment of the state of health of the newborn.
Pedagogical:
environmental factors that can have a negative impact on the health status of schoolchildren (environmental, social, economic, etc.);
factors of the school environment - a qualitative assessment of school buildings, sanitary, sports equipment and equipment, the organization of the food system, taking into account the requirements of sanitary rules and norms, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the school contingent;
organization of the educational process (duration of the lesson, school day, breaks, vacations) and the mode of the study load;
organization and forms of physical education and physical culture and health-improving work;
forms and methods of health-preserving activities of a general education institution;
dynamics of chronic and general morbidity;
methods and forms of teaching that motivate cognitive activity;
psychological background of classes, favorable emotional mood, (benevolence, wisdom of the teacher);
sanitary and hygienic conditions (room ventilation, temperature compliance, cleanliness, light and color design, etc.);
motor regime of children (taking into account their age dynamics);
rational nutrition (menu and diet);
medical support and wellness procedures;
stressful pedagogical tactics;
intensification of the educational process (the number of daily lessons increases, children have little time for rest, walks, they do not sleep well, they are overworked);
non-compliance of teaching methods and technologies with the age and functional capabilities of schoolchildren;
irrational organization of educational activities (test after the day off);
functional illiteracy of the teacher in matters of health protection and promotion (he does not know his child, his character, inclinations, interests);
functional illiteracy of the parents (they do not help the child, they want more from him than he can, they blame only the child and not themselves for everything, do not listen to his complaints);
the lack of a system of work on the formation of the value of health and a healthy lifestyle (including the prevention of bad habits, sex education and sex education, insufficient use of physical education and sports, etc.);
interpersonal relationships between peers;
correct organization of the lesson (building a lesson taking into account the dynamics of working capacity, rational use of TCO, visual aids, etc.).
This can be illustrated by the words of the Russian proverb: “I lost money - I did not lose anything, I lost time - I lost a lot, I lost my health - I lost everything”.
Project concept
Organization of the lesson based on the principles of health preservation
Health-saving technology- these are: conditions for a child's education at school (absence of stress, adequacy of requirements, adequacy of teaching and upbringing methods); rational organization of the educational process (in accordance with age, gender, individual characteristics and hygienic requirements); correspondence of educational and physical activity to the age-related capabilities of the child; necessary, sufficient and rationally organized motor regime.
Health-saving environment- this is the space that surrounds students during their stay at school: ecological, emotional - behavioral, educational, open information and educational space. The health-preserving organization of the educational process is a small part of the emotional and behavioral space of our students, but no less important than the other components
It is no coincidence that the first item in organizing a lesson based on health preservation is the environment and hygienic conditions. According to the data of a comprehensive examination of children's institutions using laboratory research methods, 13% revealed deviations from the norms for noise, 34% for electromagnetic fields, 31% for illumination, 21% for microclimate, and 25% for furniture.
It is clear that the responsibility for hygienic control lies with both the healthcare professional and the school administration. The duties of the teacher include the ability and willingness to see and identify obvious violations of the conditions of the lesson and, if possible, correct them.
At first glance, a foreign language and the concept of health preservation are incompatible. However, the child experiences a great stress in the English lessons due to the fact that during the lesson, instruction is conducted in a language that is “foreign” to him.
General didactic principles- these are the main provisions that determine the content, organizational forms and methods of the educational process in accordance with the general goals of health-saving educational technologies. Among specific principles expressing the specific laws of the pedagogy of health improvement, the most important can be called the principle "Do no harm!" - equally relevant for both doctors and teachers. The assimilation of the benefits of health-preserving measures requires their repetition.
Let us consider in more detail the indicated groups of principles.
General didactic principles:
the principle of consciousness and activity - aims at the formation of students' deep understanding, sustainable interest, meaningful attitude to cognitive activity;
the principle of activity - assumes a high degree of independence, initiative and creativity among students;
the principle of visibility - obliges to build the learning process with the maximum use of forms of attracting the human sense organs to the cognition process;
the principle of systematicity and consistency is manifested in the interconnection of knowledge, skills, and abilities. The system of preparatory and leading actions allows you to move on to the development of a new one and, relying on it, to start learning the next, more complex material.
Specific principles:
the principle of no harm;
the principle of the triune concept of health (the unity of physical, mental and spiritual and moral health);
the principle of repetition of skills and abilities is one of the most important. As a result of multiple repetitions, dynamic stereotypes are developed;
the inclusion of variant changes in stereotypes presupposes the observance of the principle of gradualness. It assumes continuity from one level of education to another;
the principle of accessibility and individualization has its own characteristics in the health-improving orientation of health-saving educational technologies;
the principle of individualization is carried out on the basis of the general laws of training and education. Based on individual characteristics, the teacher comprehensively develops the child, plans and predicts his development;
the principle of continuity expresses the patterns of building the pedagogy of health improvement as an integral process. It is closely related to the principle of systemic alternation of loads and rest;
the principle of cyclicality. The principle of cyclicality contributes to the streamlining of the process of pedagogy of health improvement. It consists in a repetitive sequence of classes, which improves the child's readiness for each subsequent stage of learning;
the principle of taking into account the age and individual characteristics of students. This principle contributes to the formation of motor skills and abilities, the development of the child's motor abilities, taking into account the functional capabilities of the student's body;
the principle of comprehensive and harmonious development of the individual. This principle is of paramount importance, since it promotes the development of psychophysical abilities, motor skills and abilities, carried out in unity and aimed at the all-round physical, intellectual, spiritual, moral and aesthetic development of the child's personality;
the principle of a health-improving orientation solves the problems of strengthening the health of the child in the learning process;
the principle of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to teaching schoolchildren presupposes close interaction between teachers and medical workers;
the principle of active learning, which consists in the widespread use of active forms and methods of teaching (training in pairs, group work, game technologies, etc.);
the principle of forming responsibility among students for their own health and the health of the people around them;
the principle of the connection between theory and practice calls for persistently teaching schoolchildren to apply their knowledge of the formation, preservation and strengthening of health in practice, using the surrounding reality not only as a source of knowledge, but also as a place for their practical application.
To achieve the goal of this project, it is necessary to determine basic teaching aids:
means of motional orientation;
healing forces of nature;
hygienic.
The complex use of these means allows solving the problems of health improvement pedagogy.
TO motor means includes such motor actions that are aimed at the implementation of the tasks of health-saving educational learning technologies. This is movement; physical exercise; physical education and mobile changes; emotional release and "minutes of rest"; gymnastics (health-improving gymnastics, finger, corrective, respiratory, for the prevention of colds, for vivacity); physiotherapy; outdoor games; specially organized physical activity of a child (health-improving physical education, timely development of the foundations of motor skills); trainings, etc.
Usage healing forces of nature has a significant impact on the achievement of the goals of health-saving educational learning technologies. Carrying out classes in the fresh air promotes the activation of biological processes caused by the learning process, increases the overall performance of the body, slows down the process of fatigue. Sun and air baths, water procedures, herbal medicine, aromatherapy, inhalation, vitamin therapy (fortification of the diet, iodization of drinking water, the use of the amino acid glycine twice a year in December and in spring in order to strengthen the memory of schoolchildren) can be distinguished as relatively independent means of healing. It is possible to bring health-improving trainings for teachers and students into the life of the school.
TO hygiene products achieving the goals of health-saving educational learning technologies that promote health and stimulate the development of the adaptive properties of the body, include: compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, regulated by SanPiNs; personal and public hygiene (cleanliness of the body, cleanliness of places of employment, air, etc.); airing and wet cleaning of premises; adherence to the general regimen of the day, the regimen of physical activity, diet and sleep; instilling in children elementary skills when washing hands, using a handkerchief when sneezing and coughing, etc.; teaching children basic techniques of a healthy lifestyle (HLS), the simplest first aid skills for cuts, abrasions, burns, bites; organization of the procedure for vaccinating students in order to prevent infections; limiting the maximum level of training load to avoid overwork.
Educators apply following methods health-saving technology V.F. Bazarny:
dynamization of the working posture through the use of student desks for the prevention of posture disorders and curvature of the spine;
the method of sensory-coordinating training with the help of visual-signal plots and a visual-motor scheme to increase the physical and mental activity of children in the lesson, correction and prevention of vision;
training in ecological primers to activate cognitive processes, expand visual horizons, develop creative imagination and holistic perception;
a technique for increasing the efficiency of psychomotor functions using a self-controlled, step-by-step rhythm.
Technologies that provide hygienically optimal conditions for the educational process.
The functional state of schoolchildren in the process of educational activity, the ability to maintain mental performance at a high level for a long time and prevent the premature onset of fatigue largely depend on the correct organization of the lesson, the level of its rationality.
We must not forget about the hygienic conditions of the lesson, which affect the health of students and teachers.
Health preservation criteria in the lesson, their brief characteristics and levels of hygienic rationality of the lesson are presented in the table.
|
Health preservation criteria |
Characteristic |
|
Classroom environment and hygiene |
Air temperature and freshness, classroom and blackboard lighting, monotonous unpleasant sound stimuli |
|
Number of educational activities |
Learning activities: interrogation, writing, reading, listening, storytelling, answering questions, reviewing, cheating, etc. |
|
Average duration and frequency of alternation of activities |
|
|
Number of types of teaching |
Teaching types: verbal, visual, independent work, audiovisual, practical work, independent work |
|
Alternating teaching types |
|
|
The presence and location of methods that promote activation |
Free choice method (free conversation, choice of a method of action, freedom of creativity). |
|
Place and duration of TCO application |
The teacher's ability to use TCO as a means for discussion, conversation, discussion |
|
Student Pose, Alternating Pose |
Correct seating of the student, changing activities requires a change in posture |
|
Availability, place, content and duration of recovery moments in the lesson |
Physical education, dynamic pauses, breathing exercises, eye exercises, massage of active points |
|
The presence of motivation for the activities of students in the lesson |
Extrinsic motivation: evaluation, praise, support, competitive moment. Stimulating intrinsic motivation: |
|
Psychological climate in the lesson |
Relationships in the lesson: teacher - student (comfort |
|
Emotional discharge in the lesson |
A joke, a smile, a humorous or instructive picture, a saying, aphorism, a musical moment, a quatrain |
|
Determined during observation by the increase in motor or passive distractions in the process of educational activity |
The moment of onset of fatigue and a decrease in learning activity |
|
Lesson end tempo |
The intensity of the mental activity of students during the lesson
|
Part of the lesson |
Activity |
||
|
1st stage. Triggering |
Relatively small |
Reproductive turning into productive. Repetition |
|
|
2nd stage. |
20-25 |
The maximum reduction is at the 15th minute. |
Productive, creative, familiarity with new material |
|
3rd stage. Final rush |
Small increase in efficiency |
Reproductive, working out the key moments of the passed |
Psychological and pedagogical technologies of health preservation and strengthening health... The work program of the subject " English language, Grade 6 "compiled in accordance with ...
The main educational program of primary general education of the municipal budgetary educational institution "Basic secondary school No. 9"
Basic educational program... "Main general education school No. 9 "(hereinafter - School) developed ... process learning foreign language in the initial school learners ... preservation and strengthening health... Sports and health... Personal hygiene schoolboy... Importance preservation health ...
Educational program of primary general education of the mou silicatne secondary school of the municipality "Sengileevsky district"
Educational programZ. English language... Bim I.L. Deutsch language. ... process (preservation and strengthening psychological health students; value formation health and a safe lifestyle; differentiation and individualization learning ... general education schools ...
Educational program of primary general education of the municipal government general educational institution of secondary school No. 23 in Taishet
Educational program... general education school No. 23 of Taishet is assigned the basic status school on the formation of ICT competence schoolchildren ... process... 3. Rational organization of educational and extracurricular activities of students. Preservation and strengthening health ...
Factors Affecting Children's Health: Family Living Conditions
“To make the child smart and sensible,
Make it strong and healthy. "
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Modern living conditions place increased demands on the state of the physical and mental health of a person, especially children, from a very early age. Protecting the health of the younger generation is one of the most important problems of Russian education. The creation of favorable pedagogical conditions conducive to strengthening the health of children is not a sufficiently effective measure. It is well known that the conscious inclusion of parents in a single, joint process of raising a child with teachers can significantly increase its effectiveness.
The foundation of a child's health is laid in the family. Children's health directly depends on the living conditions in the family, health literacy, hygienic culture of parents and their level of education. Often, the level of knowledge and skills of parents in the field of developing healthy lifestyle habits is low, and interest in this problem arises only when the child already requires psychological or medical assistance. Most parents do not understand the very essence of the concept of "health", considering it only as the absence of disease, completely ignoring the relationship between physical, mental and social well-being.
One of the important tasks of a family is to raise children healthy, strong and strong. Their physical development depends entirely on the family's lifestyle. Parents need to create conditions in the family for raising a healthy child. It is the family that organizes a rational home regime - homework, sleep, optimal motor regime, rational nutrition, hardening, personal hygiene, moral and ethical education.
The regime of the day is of particular importance. Its observance contributes to the normal functioning of the organism of its internal organs and physiological systems, provides a balanced vigorous state, protects the nervous system from overwork, creates favorable conditions for timely development, forms the ability to adapt to new conditions. A schoolchild's home regime is one of the important components of family upbringing, which allows maintaining a high level of performance, postponing fatigue and eliminating overwork, rationally combining mental and physical labor, the ability to choose the right time and type of rest. Very strictly, adults need to monitor how much time children spend watching TV, a computer, playing games on a mobile phone. Continuous use of this technique affects the nervous system of children, makes them tired, efficiency decreases, and sleep is disturbed.
An equally important condition is an optimal motor regime and physical activity. L.A. Kamensky noted: "the more a child does something: runs, plays - the better he sleeps, the better his stomach works, the faster it grows, the stronger he becomes physically and spiritually." ("The Art of Being Healthy" 1987, p. 4).
An optimal motor regime is the most important condition for maintaining health. It is based on systematic exercise and sports, and this, in turn, creates the best conditions for work and recovery.
First, parents should supervise morning exercises. Its goal is to accelerate the body's transition from sleep to wakefulness, to the work ahead and provide a general healing effect. Gymnastic exercises should be performed in a well-boiled room with an open window or window. It should be remembered that the supply of the required amount of clean air into the room and the removal of air contaminated with waste products is important and necessary.
To maintain health and develop courage, general games are of great importance, especially in the fresh air, hiking, fishing, sports. Parents should provide their child with the opportunity to do gymnastics, skate, ski, boat, ride bicycles, purchase sports attributes (balls, jump ropes, etc.). With the child, you should go for walks, excursions. The example of the parents encourages the child to take care of his health and play sports.
One of the conditions for good health is a balanced diet. It should be varied, with enough vitamins. Food should be high in calories, with a variety of fruits and vegetables. It is important to consider the diet.
Personal hygiene is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. It includes body care, clothing and footwear hygiene. It is important to teach children in a family from an early age to cleanliness, adherence to basic hygiene standards.
The concept of health is closely related to the concept of well-being - the ability to live in harmony with oneself, family, friends.Negative emotions (envy, anger, fear, etc.) have tremendous destructive power, positive emotions (laughter, joy, a sense of gratitude, etc.). ) maintain health, promote success. Therefore, parents need to create conditions for the psychological comfort of their children. The family gives support to feelings, dreams, hope, helps the implementation of life plans. It prepares a person for life in society, teaches people to work, create, love their work, and complete their plans.
Remember: how the parents wake up the child depends on his psychological mood for the whole day.
If parents have an opportunity to walk to school with their child, do not miss it. A joint road is a joint communication, unobtrusive advice.
Learn to greet the children after school. You should not be the first to ask the question: “What grades did you receive today?”, It is better to ask neutral questions: “What was interesting at school?”, “What did you do today?”, “What are the things at school?”.
Rejoice in your child's success. Do not be annoyed at the moment of his temporary failures. Listen patiently and with interest to the child's stories about events in his life.
The child should feel that he is loved. It is necessary to exclude shouts, rude intonations from communication, create an atmosphere of joy, love and respect in the family.
The readiness for a healthy lifestyle does not arise by itself, but is formed in a person from an early age, primarily within the family in which the child was born and raised. The task of parents is to create living conditions that help to preserve and strengthen the health of their child, to convey the importance of daily health care to his mind, to teach the art of health promotion. He must realize that health for a person is the most important value, the main condition for achieving any life goal, and everyone is responsible for maintaining and strengthening his health. This art is mastered by children in the process of joint activities with their parents. Parents need not to direct their children to the path of health, but to lead them along this path by their example. And remember that the health of children is in their hands!
General hygiene: lecture notes Yuri Yurievich Eliseev
Factors affecting the health of children and adolescents
In the process of ontogenesis, childhood and adolescence, from 0 to 17 years, is an extremely intense period of morphological and functional rearrangements, which should be taken into account when assessing the formation of health. At the same time, this age period is characterized by the influence of a whole complex of social conditions and their frequent change (nursery, kindergarten, school, vocational training, labor activity).
The child population is exposed to a variety of environmental factors, many of which are considered as risk factors for the development of adverse changes in the body. 3 groups of factors play a decisive role in the occurrence of deviations in the state of health of children and adolescents:
1) factors characterizing the genotype of the population ("genetic load");
2) lifestyle;
3) the state of the environment.
Social and environmental factors do not act in isolation, but in complex interaction with biological, including hereditary, factors. This determines the dependence of the incidence of children and adolescents both on the environment in which they are located, and on the genotype and biological patterns of growth and development.
According to the WHO, the contribution of social factors and lifestyle to the formation of health status is about 40%, environmental pollution factors - 30% (including natural and climatic conditions proper - 10%), biological factors -20%, medical care - 10% ... However, these values are averaged, do not take into account the age characteristics of the growth and development of children, the formation of pathology in certain periods of their lives, the prevalence of risk factors. The role of certain socio-genetic and medico-biological factors in the development of adverse changes in health is different depending on the gender and age of the individual.
The state of health of children is influenced by certain factors:
1) medico-biological risk factors for the period of pregnancy and childbirth of the mother: the age of the parents at the time of the child's birth, chronic diseases in the parents, acute diseases in the mother during pregnancy, taking various drugs during pregnancy, psychotrauma during pregnancy, complications of pregnancy (especially gestosis second half of pregnancy) and childbirth, etc.;
2) risk factors for early childhood: birth weight, feeding pattern, deviations in health status in the first year of life, etc.;
3) risk factors characterizing the conditions and lifestyle of the child: housing conditions, income and educational level of parents (primarily mothers), smoking parents, family composition, psychological climate in the family, parents' attitude to the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures, etc.
When assessing the contribution of individual factors that make up a socio-hygienic group, it must be remembered that their role is different in different age groups.
At the age of 1 year, among the social factors, the nature of the family and the education of the parents are decisive. At the age of 1-4 years, the importance of these factors decreases, but still remains quite significant. However, already at this age, the role of living conditions and family income, keeping animals and smoking relatives in the house increases. An important factor is the child's attendance at a kindergarten.
It is of the greatest importance in the age group of 1-4 years. At school age, the factors of the intra-dwelling, including the intra-school environment, are of the greatest importance, which make up 12.5% in primary grades, and by the end of school - 20.7%, that is, they almost double. At the same time, the contribution of social and hygienic factors for the same period of growth and development of a child decreases from 27.5% upon admission to school to 13.9% at the end of education.
Among biological factors in all age groups of children, the main factors that have the greatest influence on morbidity are diseases of the mother during pregnancy and complications of the course of pregnancy. Since the presence of complications in childbirth (premature, delayed, rapid labor, birth weakness) can lead to health problems in the future, this also allows us to regard them as risk factors.
Of the factors of early childhood, natural feeding and hygienically correct child care are of particular importance.
Each age is characterized by the predominance of certain risk factors, which determines the need for a differentiated approach to assessing the role and contribution of factors, planning and implementing preventive and health-improving measures.
It is most expedient to objectively study the factors affecting the health of children and adolescents using special formalized maps, questionnaires, etc.
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Lecture number 2Factors affecting the health of children and adolescents
"Health is a state of vital activity corresponding to the biological age of a child, a harmonious unity of physical and intellectual characteristics, the formation of adaptive and compensatory reactions in the process of growth" Academician of the RAMS E.Yu. Veltischev
Defining signs of health:
Absence at the time of examination of the disease;
Harmonious and age-appropriate physical and mental development;
Normal level of functions;
Lack of inclination to disease;
The Institute of Hygiene DiP proposed to give a qualitative characteristic of the health of the population by distributing it into health groups:
I - healthy, normally developing, without functional abnormalities;
II - healthy with functional or slight morphological deviations;
III - patients in a compensated state;
IV - in a subcompensated state;
V - in a decompensated state;
The distribution of children by health group is very important for
Health characteristics of the child population, obtaining statistical health indicators;
Comparative comparisons in different territories;
Evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and prophylactic work of children's honey. Institutions and individual doctors;
General morbidity
Morbidity by individual zoological forms
Distribution by health groups
The number of children who are often ill (4 or more times a year)
The number of long-term ill children (25 or more for one disease)
Pathological affection is the frequency of chronic diseases of functional abnormalities as a percentage of the total number of those examined.
A factor is an essential circumstance, the driving force of a process, a phenomenon that determines its nature.
3 groups of factors:
Population genotype
Lifestyle
State of the environment
Climatic features of the area;
Air pollution;
Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions (mainly due to the excess of the capacity of school buildings, double-shift classes, insufficient areas of classrooms, poor living conditions);
Low material standard of living;
High employment of mothers;
Attending a preschool age nursery;
And in the elementary grades of after-school groups;
Fathers alcohol abuse;
Failure to comply with the daily regimen and especially constant lack of sleep;
Environmental pathology is a branch of medicine that studies diseases caused by chemical, physical and biological environmental factors.
Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences M.Ya.Studenkin points to 3 pathological conditions that, to a certain extent, can serve as biological markers of environmental pollution:
Allergic diseases (primarily atopic dermatitis);
Bronchopulmonary pathology;
Iron deficiency anemia;
Ecosensitive periods are 3, 5, 11 and 13 years.
Peliatras also include occupational hazards in parents for at least 2 years before the birth of a child. Smoking during pregnancy and at home.
The socio-hygienic factor determines 27.5% of the morbidity.
In children under the age of 1 year, it has the character of a family and parental education.
At the age of 1-4 years, the role of living conditions increases.
“Vulnerable” children are children who are more at risk of getting sick. These are illegitimate children, children from an incomplete family, from a family living in unfavorable living conditions, socio-economic, families in which alcoholism, asocial behavior, and negligence in raising children are noted. + the only child in the family, children born after prolonged infertility; children born in late marriage.
Asocial factors include wars.
Biological factors: diseases of the mother during pregnancy, and complications of the course of pregnancy and childbirth.
Hygiene educational activities
In the modern 7th grade, teenagers need to read 1900 textbooks, 1400 pages of literary and artistic works, learn more than 740 definitions and about 400 concepts.
With 12 years of education:
Stage 1 - initial 4 years
Basic - 6 years
Secondary - 2 years.
Activities of DP:
Mental - h is a relatively small waste of energy - from 50 to 100 kcal / hour, depending on the age of the children and the nature of the activity. Forms the basis of mental work.
Physical - requires significant costs - over 100 kcal / hour. It forms the basis of physical education and labor training.
For toddlers from 1.5 to 3 years old, no more than 10 lessons per week are planned for no more than 8-10 minutes.
The readiness of children to study at school: 1) the level of biological development; 2) the state of health at the time of om = inspection; 3) acute morbidity in the previous year;
At the age of 5-7 years, children can maintain active attention for 15 minutes.
At 8-10 years old - 20 minutes
At 11-12 years old - 25 minutes
At 12-15 liters - 30 minutes.
Fatigue is a condition that occurs as a result of a child's activities.
Signs of fatigue:
Decreased productivity
Motor restlessness
Abnormal heart rate and coordination of movements
Feeling tired
Overwork is a cumulative state of fatigue, the symptoms of which are not eliminated either with daily or weekly rest.
Severe signs of overwork:
A sharp and long-term decline in mental and physical performance
Neuropsychiatric disorders (sleep disturbance, fear)
Correspondence of educational loads to the age and individual characteristics of the child and adolescent;
Scientific organization of the educational process in a modern school;
Providing optimal learning conditions;
1st grade (from the second half of the year) - 1 hour
Grade 2 - up to 1.5 hours \ 3-4 classes - up to 2 hours
5-6 grades - up to 2.5 hours
Grade 7-Grade 8
The main group (children without deviations in health, as well as with minor morphological and functional deviations, sufficiently trained).
Preparatory group (children with minor deviations in health, insufficiently physically prepared).
Special group (children with significant deviations in health).
Hygienic requirements for pens and pencils.
Diameter 7mm
Pen length - 15 cm, pencil - 18 cm.