The world.
Lesson in 2nd grade.
Subject: What is made of what. Miracles made of clay.
Target:Create conditions for expanding children's knowledge about the properties and purpose of clay.
Lesson objectives:
To introduce the main properties of clay - plasticity, types of clay, its purpose, method of extraction, significance in the Kirov region.
Develop observation, curiosity, the ability to compare, generalize, and draw conclusions.
Teach practical work in class.
To cultivate a sense of patriotism and love for the nature of the native land.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment.
Quiet landing.
Name the months of the year. Name the days of the week.
2. Observations of nature.
What month is it?
Tell us about this month as planned (on the board).
What time of year does this month belong to?
Which month of the year is it?
How many days are there in this month?
What is the weather like this month?
What is the weather like this year?
Teacher's conclusion:
February is a Latin word. This month is named after the god Februs, the patron saint of herds. In ancient Rus' it was called
The sun begins to warm up.
Collect parts of proverbs.
How do you understand the meaning of these proverbs?
What date is today?
The Snowman came to our lesson to tell us about what the weather is like today, but all the signs were scattered to him by the evil February wind.
What did the Snowman want to tell about? (Children choose the necessary signs).
So, what's the weather like today?
3.Learning new material.
There are pictures on the board: tree, sun, brick, scissors, sheep, mushroom, mittens, notebook.
What 2 groups can these pictures be divided into?
Could man do all these things without the help of nature?
These items are made from natural materials.
What are all these items made of?
Color board:
Using a color board, show what natural materials the objects I will show you are made from.
Items: bucket, hat, tractor, plane, pencil case, clay toy.
Which of these materials do you think is the cheapest?
Clay- the cheapest and most accessible natural material, because it is located shallow on the surface of the earth under the top layer of soil.
Clay is extracted using excavators in quarries, loaded onto cars and delivered to its destination (showing a picture).
If you meet me on the road,
Your feet will get stuck,
How to make a bowl or vase
You'll need it right away.
Demonstration of clay samples.
Clay comes in different types: red (used to make bricks, dishes, toys); white (used in medicine, making dishes); blue (in medicine).
Practical work.
There are pieces of clay on your desks. Take them in your hands. What kind of clay?
The main property of clay is plastic, that is, it can be given any shape. After drying, it hardens, and if it is fired at a high temperature, it becomes durable.
This property was noticed by ancient people when they accidentally dropped a piece of clay into a fire. Since then, they began to make pottery and burn it in fire. (Showing a sample of pottery).
What else can you make from clay?
Bricks(show) began to be done more than 5,000 years ago. Since then, the method of making bricks has hardly changed.
The clay is crushed, water is added, stirred to form a paste, molds are filled and fired.
Also made from red clay dishes. Previously, it was made by potters on a potter's wheel. Ceramic, earthenware and porcelain dishes are made from white clays.
Toys- Dymkovo, Filimonov, Kargopol. (Show).
Stages of work in making a toy.
Metal is also made from clay - aluminum. It is called clay silver. Aluminum is a light metal. It is used to make dishes, electrical wires, and airplane bodies.
There are 36 clay deposits in our Kirov region.
Famous all over the world Dymkovo toy.(Include poems or messages from children).
Red brick is brought to our city from the Afanasyevsky district or from the city of Glazov. There are several more brick factories in the region.
Practical work.
Now make any figure from your pieces of clay, and in the drawing lesson we will paint it.
- What property of clay will help you in your work? (plastic).
4. Fastening.
Solve the crossword puzzle.
5. Lesson summary.
What new did you learn?
6.Reflection using a color board: red - it was very interesting, I coped with all the tasks in the lesson; green - it was interesting, it was difficult to answer some questions; yellow - it was not interesting, because I knew all this before; blue - it was boring, I didn’t remember anything.
7.Homework.
Prepare reports on the topics “Properties of clay”, “Clay products”, “Clay extraction”, “Dymkovo toy”, “Clay in the Kirov region”.
Checking homework
- What is economics?
- What are the parts of the economy called?
- What industries does the economy consist of?
- Are different parts of the economy connected to each other?
- Let's test your knowledge (take the test)
At this time, several students complete the test in Excel on the computer.
Test on the topic " What is economics?
1 . Complete the definition: “Economics is...”
a) caring for nature
b) the opportunity to earn money
c) human economic activity
2. Which sector of the economy gives us bread, milk, meat?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
3 . Which sector of the economy produces clothes, shoes, furniture?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
4. What sector of the economy helps us purchase products and things?
a) industry
b) agriculture
c) trade
5. Which sector of the economy delivers food and goods?
a) trade
b) transport
c) construction
6. Which sector of the economy constructs various buildings?
a) trade
b) transport
c) construction
All this is made by human hands from natural
materials - wood, metal, wool. But
so that natural materials become
in a variety of things, you need knowledge and great
people's labor.
How is a book born?
How are woolen items made?
Where do spoons, forks and knives come from?
Nowadays, from birth, a person enters the world of things. We are already so accustomed to this that we don’t think about how and from what the objects around us are made.
Game "Living - Nonliving." Images of inanimate objects are displayed on the interactive board.
Distribute items into groups so that in each group all items are made of the same material
Clay
If you meet one on the road, Your feet will get very stuck, And to make a bowl or vase, You will need it right away.
The “skillful hands” of a potter can sculpt various objects from it
How did the clay jug appear?
Clay is extracted using excavators...
Products are fired in a special oven
And now everything is ready!
The art of doing such things is called
ceramics
Porcelain was first produced in 620 in China. It was made from white clay. But the Chinese achieved especially great success in this matter quite recently, in the 15th century, under the emperors of the Ming dynasty.
Chinese porcelain. XV century.
Making a chain
Potter's wheel
quarry production
Where does iron come from?
Nobody makes iron, it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand... And people only mine it and turn it into cast iron or steel.
Iron ore contains the most iron.
How is ore mined?
The explosion crushes the earth and stones, revealing the ore hidden underneath them
A walking excavator gets to work.
He scoops up ore with a ladle, turns around, and a whole dump truck is loaded!
The ore enters the plant...
Hot fire helps people here
The fire rages, ore settles, drops of metal gather in streams, streams... the result is cast iron
Iron ore is fed into huge furnaces...
Now his way to the next workshop
The metal will be poured into molds and left to harden.
And here is the result!
Where did the paper come from to make notebooks and books?
Making a chain
Iron ore
Where did the paper come from to make notebooks and books?
Today, paper is made in huge paper mills, where machines help people with everything. Machines come to the rescue when future paper grows in the forest.
Logs float along the river or their
transported in special carriages. And here other machines take over: the gang saw
saws the logs into logs, and the debarking machine strips the bark from them.
Making a chain
cellulose
Wool
Thick grasses entwined,
The meadows are curled up,
And I myself am all curly,
Even with a curl of the horn
Grooming Combing Washing wool
Drying Making yarn from wool
Making a chain
Now tell me yourself...
… how the bread came to the table
Lesson summary
Where does a person get materials to make various items?
What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature?
Conclusion:
By extracting various materials, people change nature, often causing harm to it. The quarry left over from clay mining is a wound on the surface of the earth. A deforested forest is the destroyed “home” of many plants and animals. That is why natural resources must be protected - because they are not limitless.
You also need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so you need to treat things with care!
Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this can be useful to a person.
What is clay, what substance does it consist of?
Clay is a sedimentary rock, fine-grained in structure. When dry, it is often dusty, but if it is moistened, it becomes a plastic and pliable material that can take any shape. When the clay hardens, it becomes hard and its shape does not change.
The mineral composition of different types of clays, although different, necessarily contains substances of the kaolinite and montmorillonite group or other layered aluminosilicates. Clay may also contain other impurities, carbonate and sand particles.
The typical composition of this substance looks like this:
- kaolinite - 47%;
- aluminum oxide - 39%;
- water - 14%.
These are not all the components of clay. Mineral inclusions - halloysite, diaspore, hydrargillite, corundum, monothermite, muscovite and others - are also present in different quantities. The following minerals can contaminate clays and kaolins: quartz, dolomite, gypsum, magnetite, pyrite, limonite, marcasite.
Types of clays
What clay is made of depends largely on where and how it is formed. Depending on this, they distinguish:
1. Sedimentary clays are the result of the transfer of natural weathering products and their deposition in a certain place. They are marine - born at the bottom of the seas and oceans, and continental - formed on the mainland. Marine clays, in turn, are divided into:
- shelf;
- lagoon;
- coastal.
2. Residual clays are formed during the weathering of non-plastic rocks and their transformation into plastic kaolins. Study of such residual deposits may reveal a smooth transition of clay into parent rock with changes in elevation.
Properties of clay
Regardless of what substance clay is made of and where it was formed, there are characteristic properties that distinguish it from other natural materials.
When dry, clay has a dusty structure. If it hardens in lumps, it crumbles easily. This material quickly gets wet, absorbs water, and as a result swells. At the same time, the clay acquires water resistance - the ability not to allow liquid to pass through.
The main feature of clay is its plasticity - the ability to easily take on any shape. Depending on this ability, clay can be classified into “fat” - which is characterized by increased plasticity, and “lean” - diluted with other substances and gradually losing this property.
Plastic clay is characterized by stickiness and viscosity. This property is widely used in construction. Think about what the construction mixture consists of? Clay is an essential component of any connecting solution.
Distribution on the planet
Clay is a very common material on Earth, and therefore inexpensive. There are a lot of clay deposits in any area. On the sea coasts you can see clay dumps that used to be solid rocks. The banks and bottom of rivers and lakes are often covered with a layer of clay. If the forest path has a brown or red tint, then most likely it also consists of residual clay.
In industrial clay mining, the open-pit mining method is used. To get to deposits of useful substances, they first remove and then remove the fossils. At different depths, clay layers may differ in composition and properties.
Human use of clay
As already mentioned, clay is most often used in construction. Everyone knows that the usual material for constructing structures is bricks. What are they made of? Sand and clay are the main components of the dough, which under the influence of high temperatures becomes hard and turns into brick. To prevent a wall made of individual blocks from crumbling, use a viscous solution that also contains clay.
A mixture of clay and water becomes the raw material for pottery production. Humanity has long learned to produce vases, bowls, jugs and other containers from clay. They can have different sizes and shapes. Previously, pottery was a necessary and widespread craft, and clay products became the only utensils used in everyday life and a very popular product in the markets.
Clay is widely used in medicine and cosmetology. Those who care about the beauty and health of the skin know about the beneficial effects of certain types of this substance. Clay is used for wraps, masks and lotions. It effectively fights cellulite, gives skin elasticity, and prevents premature aging. For some medical indications, clay is even used internally. And for skin diseases, dried and ground into dust material is prescribed in the form of powders. It is important to mention that not any clay is used for such purposes, but only some types that have antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.
What is polymer clay
Polymer clay makes it easy to imitate the texture of other materials, such as wood or stone. From this plastic substance you can make your own souvenirs, Christmas tree decorations, jewelry, interior decorations, key rings and much more. Such handmade products will be an excellent gift; they can be stored for a long time without losing their attractive appearance and original shape.
What does polymer clay consist of? Homemade recipe
Craftswomen who are interested in the process of making such bright souvenirs have probably thought about how to make polymer clay on their own. This is a very real task. Naturally, the resulting material will not be identical to factory-made polymer clay, but if manufactured correctly, its properties will not be inferior in any way.
Required components:
- PVA glue - 1 cup;
- corn starch - 1 cup;
- non-greasy hand cream without silicone - 1 tablespoon;
- Vaseline - 1 tablespoon;
- lemon juice - 2 tablespoons.
This is everything that we will prepare at home.
Mix starch, glue and Vaseline thoroughly, add lemon juice and mix again until smooth. Place in the microwave for 30 seconds, stir and send back for another 30 seconds. The crust that has formed on the surface must be removed and discarded, and the elastic mass should be placed on a tray greased with hand cream and kneaded vigorously for 5 minutes. After cooling, our polymer clay is ready for use.
By learning how to make polymer clay yourself, you can save on expensive purchased materials and, without limiting yourself, master an interesting, creative activity.
Clay is an interesting and diverse material in its properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of rocks. Many people, when dealing with this plastic substance, wonder: what does clay consist of? Let's find out the answer to this question, and also figure out how this natural material can be useful to humans.
Goals: introduce the natural materials from which various objects are made; to form basic ideas about some production processes, starting with the extraction of raw materials in nature and ending with the receipt of the finished product; cultivate a caring attitude towards natural resources.
Planned results: students will learn to classify objects according to the nature of the material; treat things with care; draw conclusions from the studied material.
Equipment: a ball, an envelope with questions, various objects made of clay, wool, metal, wood; students - colored pencils, colored chips.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Updating knowledge<
1. Conversation on issues
— What new word did you learn in the last lesson? (Economy.)
-What does it mean? (Economy.)
— List the main sectors of the economy. (Industry, agriculture, transport, construction, trade.)
— How are industry and trade, transport and agriculture, construction, industry and transport interconnected? (Children's answers.)
— In what sectors of the economy do your parents work?
- Why do you need money?
— There was no money before. How did people get by without them?
— Is it possible to live without money today? Why? (Children's answers.)
— What new things have you learned about money in different countries from additional literature? (Children's answers.)
2. Game “Catch and Tell”
(The teacher throws the ball and names one industry. The student who catches the ball talks about this industry and returns the ball.
You can use CMMs (test 23, p. 32).)
III. Self-determination for activity
Ant brought an envelope to class today. Let's see what's there.
(The teacher takes three cards with questions from the envelope.)
1. How is a book born?
2. How are woolen items made?
3. Where do clay pots come from?
- Guess what we will talk about in class. (About how things are done.)
- Read the topic of the lesson on p. 108 textbook. (What is it made of?)
— What educational tasks will we set for ourselves? (Children's answers.)
- Read what Ant says about this.
IV. Work on the topic of the lesson
1. Practical work
—What is a man-made world? (Something made by human hands.)
(The teacher has various objects made of clay, wool, metal, wood on the table.)
- Divide all items into groups so that in each group all things are made of the same material.
(Students select objects from clay (vase, mug), from wool (sweater, scarf), from metal (spoon, pan), from wood (ruler, notebook).)
- All these items are familiar to you. Name them and explain what they do.
- What do all these items have in common? (They are made by human hands.)
2. Work according to the textbook
- Read the task on p. 108. Get colored chips and complete the task.
(Check in pairs. Then the class is divided into groups and gets acquainted with the production of various products (texts, drawings, questions on pp. 109-111). Each group prepares one message and speaks in front of the class. Students evaluate the performances of their comrades and ask questions.)
V. Physical education minute
We'll clap our hands
Friendly, more fun.
Our feet knocked
Friendly, more fun.
Let's hit you on the knees
Hush, hush, hush.
Our hands, rise up
Higher, higher, higher.
Our hands are spinning
Sank lower
Spun around, spun around
And they stopped.
VI. Continuation of work on the topic of the lesson
Completing tasks in workbook No. 1 (p. 39).
(Independent completion. Check in pairs.) No. 2 (p. 40).
(Independent implementation. Option 1 - clay, option 2 - wood.) No. 3 (p. 40).
(Independent execution.)
— What chains did you make? (Iron ore, plant, scissors. Grain, mill, bread. Piece of wood, plant (machine), pencil.)
VII. Reflection
(Students answer the questions in the textbook (p. 111, in the box).)
(Students take out one of the signs and explain their choice.)
VIII. Summing up the lesson
- So, a person needs a variety of products. Where does he get the material to make them? (In nature.)
— What should people pay attention to when extracting various materials from nature? (Extract them no more than required, use them sparingly, plant new trees, restore land.)
By extracting various materials, people change nature, often causing harm to it. The quarry left after clay mining is a wound on the surface of the earth. A deforested forest is the destroyed home of many plants and animals. Natural resources are not limitless, they need to be protected.
— What can the unreasonable, wasteful use of natural resources lead to? (There will be no forest, no animals and plants, no humans. Our planet will become a lifeless desert.)
You also need to remember that the knowledge and work of many people are invested in every thing, so you need to treat things with care.
Homework
Workbook: No. 4 (p. 40).
Additional material
How did the clay jug appear?
In museums, of course, you have seen various vases, vessels, cups and dishes made from special clay. Products are sculpted while the clay is soft. They are then fired in kilns to harden them. The art of making such things is called ceramics. To make such products, in addition to clay, sand and crushed rocks are used.
Clay is extracted by excavators. In its raw form it is very plastic and elastic. Clay is mixed with water to form a thick paste, from which skilled hands can sculpt figurines, various vases, and pots. When the clay dries, it hardens and becomes very strong. When heated to very high temperatures (about 450 ° C), chemical changes occur, after which the clay will never become soft and plastic, even when wet.
Making ceramics is one of the most ancient arts, since clay is found almost everywhere. Shards dating back to prehistoric times have been discovered. A well-fired clay product is very durable. It may break, but it will never rot or rust.
The ancient Chinese were wonderful potters. They invented a way to produce a very durable, translucent ceramic known as porcelain.
There are six main types of clay used to make pottery. Ordinary clay is not suitable for fine work. What comes out of it is called earthenware (ceramic) dishes. The purest clay is kaolin, or “Chinese clay.” It is used to make porcelain. When fired, it acquires the purest white color.
In ancient times, when there were no refrigerators, clay jugs were used to store cold water. The water in them remained cold because the liquid, seeping out through the thin pores of the jug, begins to evaporate, and this constant evaporation of moisture from the surface of the vessel helps the jug and its contents to remain cold.
Where does iron come from?
Nobody makes iron; it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand. And people only mine it, turn it into cast iron or steel. Iron is visible and invisible in the world - it is in sand (that’s why it is yellowish), and in reddish-brown clay, and in brown stone - flint. Iron is even dissolved in water.
It would seem that since iron is everywhere, it means that wherever you want, take it there, just don’t be lazy. But that was not the case: sand, clay, and water contain so little iron that it is unprofitable to extract it from them. Iron ores contain the most iron. Sometimes iron ore is mined from the surface of the earth, like clay, using excavators. It happens that ore layers are hidden deep in the thickness of the earth, and then it is necessary to build mines.
How is ore mined? Here you can’t do without a huge, powerful steel digger, a small paper “bag” with an explosive charge and long wires. Miners will drill holes in the ground, place explosives in them, and send current through the wires. Shut your ears here. As soon as the explosion thunders, tons of earth and stones will fly into the air, scatter around, and the ore hidden underneath will be revealed. It happens that the ore itself has to be crushed by explosions. Finally the explosions died down. A walking excavator gets to work. The excavator will scoop up ore with a scoop bucket, turn around, and a whole wagon or giant dump truck will be loaded.
This is how the ore gets to the plant. How can it be turned into iron? A hot fire helps people here. In huge furnaces, blast furnaces, like high-rise buildings, flames rage day and night. Iron ore comes into these blast furnaces. The flames rage, ore melts and settles, drops of metal gather into streams and rivulets. Cast iron is heavy, it flows to the bottom of the stove.
Finally the master gives a signal: “The cast iron is ready! You can release the melt." A minute, another - and, scattering fountains of sparks, illuminating everything around with a fiery glow, liquid metal will pour into a huge ladle. The path of this bucket is to the neighboring workshop. Here the cast iron will be poured into molds. In them, the liquid metal will solidify and take the same form in which it was poured. We come across cast iron every day: these are ordinary frying pans, cast iron stoves, heating radiators.
Steelworkers make steel from cast iron in special furnaces—open-hearth furnaces. The flame in an open-hearth furnace is hotter than in a blast furnace. Next, the steel goes to the rolling mill, and then the blacksmith-stamper will make knives, spoons, and blades from the sheet. To make any object - large or small, simple or complex - it is necessary for masters of different professions to work hard, work, try: miners, metallurgists, steelworkers, blacksmiths.
How paper is made
Our ancestors, the inhabitants of Ancient Rus' - the Slavs, wrote on the cheapest, most accessible material: birch bark - birch bark. Birch bark is good, but not suitable for books. They were written on expensive parchment. Parchment is a specially tanned leather. It was very convenient to write on it, but too expensive. Such a book cost as much as a large plot of land along with a house.
But from distant eastern countries, merchants and travelers began to bring amazing, thin sheets as white as snow. It was paper. The first ancient paper was made from the bark of the mulberry tree. Europeans marveled at the wonderful white paper.
Different countries have their own stories about how paper material came to be. Here's one such story. One day, one very inquisitive person became interested: what do wasps build a nest from? I started watching. It turned out that wasps pinch off pieces of wood, chew them thoroughly, and then glue the walls of their homes with this wood pulp.
An inquisitive person took a closer look at the unusual building material and gasped: “Yes, this is paper pulp! This means that people can make paper from wood. As much as you like! After all, there are a lot of trees around.”
Whether this was true or not entirely true, the main thing is that the same paper appeared on which newspapers and books, magazines and calendars, textbooks and notebooks are printed today. Today, paper is made in huge paper mills, where machines help people with everything. Machines get to work even when the future paper is growing in the forest. Electric saws cut down trees, logging tractors carry logs to the river, machines tie the logs into rafts, and the rafts float along the river to the workshop gate.
Then other machines take over: a fast multi-saw machine cuts the logs into logs, a debarking machine strips the bark from them, a chipper cuts the logs into chips, the chips travel on a self-propelled track into the boiler. In a cauldron, in a special solution,... porridge is cooked - wooden. It is this porridge, when it is ready, that becomes paper.
Goal: Expanding ideas about objects and materials used for their manufacture.
Continue building competencies.
Develop logical thinking.
Cultivate a caring attitude towards objects.
Organizing time
Good morning. Do you like cartoons? Let's see one of them. (View an excerpt from the cartoon “Miracle Tree”)
Does this happen in our lives? Have you seen such a tree? Why?
Updating knowledge.
Around us there are a large number of objects made by human hands. Various materials are used for their manufacture.
Can you say with complete confidence that you know what is made of what?
Let's check.
Group work
On the tables there are cards with a set of objects. In each row, cross out the extra item. Think about what the remaining items have in common. Make a conclusion by inserting the missing word.
We answer from the spot. Name the extra item. Report what unites the remaining items.
Can you name the topic of the lesson?
What do you think is necessary for these different materials to become things so necessary for us?
In order for clay, paper, wool and metal to turn into various things, knowledge and a lot of human labor are needed. Glad you know this. But there are children who think differently.
Problematic input
After watching the cartoon “The Miracle Tree,” the girl Murochka did this. (Poem).
Do you think you can, when you meet, explain to the girl that she is wrong?
Shall we try? What questions can Murochka ask us when we meet?
Organization of search space.
Now you will work in groups. The tasks are written on cards. Be careful, do not forget the rules of working in a group.
I wish you successful work. Let's begin. (10-15min)
2nd group.
1) Read the information.
3rd group.
4th group.
Fizminutka
Group performance.
Organization of reflective space
Consolidation.
Let's get back to the questions.
Have we answered them? Are we really ready to meet Murochka and will we be able to explain everything to her?
I have a box here with Murochka’s things. One of the group goes out and takes out 1 thing.
You have colored stripes on your table. If the item is made of wool, show the color green, if it is made of metal - blue, if it is made of clay - red, if it is made of wood - white.
Reflection
-What was the most interesting for you in the lesson? What did you find most difficult?
-Which home will you choose for yourself?
Competency-oriented task.
Item: Familiarization with the surrounding world (man, nature, society). 2nd grade
Subject: What is it made of?
Group work.
|
competence |
aspect |
level |
|
Problem Solving Competence (Self-Management) |
Problem identification (definition) | |
|
Communicative |
Productive group communication Public speaking | |
|
Information |
Planning information search | |
Information sources: an excerpt from the cartoon “Miracle Tree” or a book, drawings, a table with pictures, pictures with objects, text of a letter, information from the book.
|
And at our gates Miracle, miracle, miracle, miracle Not the leaves on it, And stockings and shoes Mom will go through the garden, Dad will go through the garden, |
Hey you guys The bast shoes are ripe, Tear them, you wretches, |
Stimulus:
Do you know what Murochka did after she watched the cartoon “The Miracle Tree”?
Listen...
Will the girl grow a wonderful tree? Why? Let's try to explain to Murochka that things cannot grow on trees.
Problem formulation:
1) Read the information about how pottery is made.
2) Arrange the pictures in order, label the stages of making the dishes.
3) Prepare a speech on the topic “How does clay turn into different products?”
2nd group.
1) Read the information.
2) Consider the stages of the birth of a book.
3) Fill in the gaps in the picture plan.
4) Prepare a speech on the topic “How is a book born?”
3rd group.
1) Look at the demonstration materials.
2) Read the information about how woolen items are made.
3) Prepare a speech on the topic “How are woolen things made? ”
4th group.
1) Watch the presentation on your laptop.
2) Read the information and choose the text for each slide.
3) Prepare a speech on the topic “The path of metal objects into our home.”
Form
Information sources.
How did the clay jug appear?
Clay is mined excavators. It is mixed with water until thick mass. From this soft clay skillful hands potter and they make vases, jugs, and mugs.
When the clay dries, it hardens and becomes very strong.
Now they get to work artist And. They draw different patterns on jugs and vases.
Products fired in ovens at 450 degrees. After this, the clay will no longer be able to become soft.
After this, the dishes are sent to stores.
Pottery can be stored for a long time. It may break, but the shards do not rot or rust.
The purest clay is found in China. It is used to make Chinese porcelain. When fired, it becomes the purest white color.
Where does iron come from?
Nobody makes iron; it is created by nature itself, like water, clay, sand. And people only mine it and turn it into cast iron or steel.
There is a lot of iron on earth. Iron ores contain the most iron. This most important metal is extracted from them.
Sometimes her mine from the surface of the earth using excavator. And sometimes have to dig mines deep in the ground.
They bring ore to factory. A hot fire helps people here.
At the factory in huge ovens from iron ore (blast furnaces) cast iron is being boiled. Liquid cast iron is poured into molds. Regular frying pans, cast iron pots, and heating radiators are made from cast iron.
And in another workshop made of cast iron in special furnaces(hearth) steelworkers steel is boiled and poured into molds.
To make any object, you need human labor. Miners, metallurgists, steelworkers, blacksmiths worked hard and spoons, knives and forks appeared in our house.
How are woolen items made?
Ancient people noticed that sheep's wool retains heat well. They guessed that animal wool and fluff could be used to produce warm fabrics.
Wool cut their hair, Then clean and wash special solutions. After this, the cleaned wool is sent to carding machines.
combing wool is dyed in different colors.
To make from this wool threads, you'll have to work hard. This will require a special device. Wool is put on it, a small bundle is pulled out and a thread is gradually twisted from it, winding it onto a bobbin.
The wool threads are then sent to loom. They get the fabric there.
On this fabric drawing is applied.
Then off to work a tailor is hired. He sews things for us from woolen fabric. These things are sold in stores.
How a book is born
There are books in every house. Before the book came into your home, someone made it. How is it done?
The writer comes up with a story, writes it down and brings it to the publishing house. The editor evaluates the work and if everything is correct, the manuscript is sent to the printing house.
Huge rolls of paper tape are brought to the printing house (book production factory).
In the print shop, machines with ink and rolls of paper go to work. Some machines unwind the paper strip, others pull it out, and still others apply paint.
Artists draw pictures for the book. These images are then transferred to the pages of future books.
The printed sheets are cut and folded in the correct order. Another machine stitches the sheets together with thread. To make a book look elegant, it is dressed in an elegant cover.
So our book is ready. She is waiting for her reader.