There are situations in life when the onset of pregnancy causes not joy, but grief. There can be a large number of reasons for this, and a woman often decides to have an abortion. Such intervention in the body is a risk, no matter how professional it is carried out.

And in the event that a woman has it, it can subsequently result in infertility or such a tragedy as birth dead child. In addition, during a subsequent pregnancy, the likelihood of an Rh conflict increases. So why is abortion dangerous if you have a negative Rh factor? Let's try to figure this out.

Why does Rh conflict develop?

The membrane of blood cells (erythrocytes) contains the Rh antigen. Such people's blood has a positive Rh factor, and they are the majority worldwide - 70-85%. Otherwise, there is no Rh antigen in the blood, so it is considered negative.

Starting from 7-8 weeks, the formation of hematopoiesis occurs in the fetus. If a woman Rh negative, and the embryo is positive, then the pregnant woman’s body may perceive it as a foreign body and begin to produce specific anti-Rhesus antibodies. If this is the first pregnancy, then their number is quite small and the likelihood that the fetal blood will enter the mother’s bloodstream is minimal. In this case, the woman safely carries and gives birth healthy child.

But during an abortion, a pronounced sensitization of the body occurs. During the next pregnancy and repeated contact with foreign antigens, an active release of specific anti-Rhesus antibodies almost always occurs. This happens due to the fact that immune memory cells store information about the primary contact between the blood of the fetus and the mother.

Signs of Rh conflict

A pregnant woman may not notice the development of Rh conflict. It is diagnosed by the presence of specific antibodies in the blood. The higher their concentration, the more severe the pathological process will be. The fetus itself also suffers greatly. Abnormalities in the unborn child are easily detected by ultrasound. It could be:

• swelling;
• increased heart size;
• spicy;
• fluid in the brain abdominal cavity;
• thickening of the placenta;
• large fruit mass.

If no measures are taken to prevent the development of Rh conflict, severe fetal abnormalities lead to its death.

Carrying out an abortion with negative Rhesus

If a woman is Rh negative, it is possible. Of course, this is undesirable, but if a decision was made to terminate the pregnancy, then you need to know that it must be done before 7-9 weeks. After this, the formation of the hematopoietic system occurs, and the risk of sensitization of the maternal body increases.

It happens that abortion in case of Rh negative is carried out for medical reasons. The main thing is to prevent sensitization from developing. Medical abortion is usually performed early in pregnancy. Immediately after this, the patient is administered, but the likelihood that a Rh conflict will occur during a subsequent pregnancy still remains.

Any abortion is associated with the risk of infertility, and if it is performed on a woman with negative Rh, then miscarriages may constantly occur in the future, and there is a high probability of having a child with hemolytic disease, as well as with various abnormalities. Late-term abortion, which is performed surgically, is very dangerous. Scraping the fertilized egg from the uterine cavity damages the endometrium and promotes inflammation. In the future, this may become an obstacle to the implantation of the embryo and the normal course of pregnancy.

Types of abortions

If a woman has negative Rh factor, then she can undergo the following types of abortions:

• Medication - carried out using special tablets, which is why the embryo begins to spontaneously reject. In this case, bleeding continues for quite a long time, but this option is considered the safest for a woman’s health.
• A mini-abortion is a non-surgical method performed by a special device, and its operating principle resembles a vacuum cleaner.
• Surgical - is considered the most dangerous method, since the uterine cavity is scraped out blindly. This may lead to large quantity complications.

Possible consequences

If an abortion is performed when Rh is negative, the pregnant woman is immunized with fetal red blood cells. This leads to an increase in the number of anti-Rhesus antibodies that penetrate into the bloodstream of the unborn child, which leads to severe disturbances and inhibition of the process of hematopoiesis of the embryo.

The consequences of an abortion with negative Rhesus can be as follows:

• severe anemia;
• disruption internal organs;
• hemolytic disease;
• fetal hypoxia;
• miscarriages, stillbirths;
• encephalopathy.

Thus, it is very dangerous to have an abortion if you are Rhesus negative. Among other things, during an abortion, the cervix is ​​often injured, the upper layer of the endometrium becomes thinner, and a perforation may form. Echoes of such intervention are hormonal disorders, inflammatory processes, and the inability to become a mother.

Also, after an abortion with negative Rh, a complication such as cervical insufficiency occurs, which affects its obturator function. This can lead to late miscarriage because the cervix begins to dilate prematurely, unable to support the growing weight of the baby.

Risk of infertility

Abortion with negative Rh increases the risk of infertility several times, and it does not matter how it was performed: surgical or medicinal. The danger in this case is that antigens begin to be produced, as a result of which during a subsequent pregnancy they are ready to “rush into battle.”

Becoming more mobile and smaller, they deliver more powerful blows to the fetal red blood cells. This leads to the development of pathologies in the fetus or miscarriage. In addition, an abortion increases the likelihood of infertility.

What do the doctor's say?

Abortion with Rh negative is always a rather risky procedure, regardless of how it was performed. Even artificial childbirth is considered dangerous if the developing fetus is Rh positive. This usually does not go away without consequences for the woman. Doctors believe that Rh negative should be considered a contraindication for any type of abortion and performed only for medical reasons.

Conclusion

Thus, there are no safe abortions, but termination of pregnancy is especially dangerous if the woman has a negative Rh factor. In this case, health is dealt a serious blow, and even if everything went well, after some time the consequences of this will make themselves felt.

When pregnancy begins in a woman’s life, she has to take care of her health in the most serious way.

One of these factors that you have to pay attention to is the Rh factor, which is associated with the presence of a special protein on the surface of blood cells - red blood cells. Most people have this protein in their blood and are Rh positive.

What is a negative Rh factor in a woman?

However, about 15 percent of people do without this protein, as a result of which their blood is Rh negative. The positive or negative Rh factor itself is only an indicator physiological feature and is not associated with any threat to human health.

What are the risks of having a negative Rh factor during pregnancy?

But with the onset of pregnancy, the situation changes. Couples in which both partners have the same Rh factor do not have to worry. There is no particular reason for concern in a situation in which the mother’s blood has a positive and the father’s blood has a negative Rh factor. Due to the fact that the mother's blood is stronger, the child inherits positive Rh from her. In cases where the mother's blood is Rh negative and the father's blood is positive, an unsafe situation arises, because The risk of a child inheriting Rh from his father is quite high.

Signs of hemolysis in a blood test. Why is Rh conflict dangerous during pregnancy?

The result may be the occurrence of a Rh conflict, in which the mother’s body will perceive the presence of protein in the blood of the fetus as something foreign, and therefore strive in every possible way to reject it from her body. The consequence is the production of antibodies, which enter the child’s blood. destroy his blood cells. This process is given the name hemolysis.

Rhesus conflict between mother and child consequences

It is not difficult to understand that this phenomenon poses a serious threat to the health of the unborn child. Due to hemolysis, the fetal organs are filled with fluid, contrary to the norm. Even after the baby is born, these antibodies continue to act for some time, which in almost all cases leads to hemolytic disease of the newborn.

The likelihood of Rh conflict during the first pregnancy

The type of antibodies produced depends on whether the woman is pregnant for the first time or a second time. In the case of the first pregnancy, the antibodies produced are quite large, and therefore enter the child’s blood much less frequently than in the case of repeat pregnancy when they easily penetrate the blood through the umbilical cord. This pattern causes the phenomenon that during the first pregnancy, a difference in Rhesus results in a significantly lower risk and is less likely to cause an Rhesus conflict.

Can there be a miscarriage due to Rh conflict?

Mismatch of Rh factors becomes common cause pregnancy failure, in the form of miscarriages or miscarriage.

How is Rh conflict diagnosed?

Since the condition of the expectant mother does not worsen due to Rh conflict, it is impossible to determine its presence “by eye” in the pregnant woman’s body. This task is perfectly accomplished by ultrasound, which detects an increase in the size of the internal organs, the presence of a large amount of fluid in them, due to which the fetus is not able to take its natural position, and is in a position with its legs spread out, called the Buddha position.

Is an anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin injection given during pregnancy?

Testing the expectant mother's blood for the presence of antibodies is also one of the reliable ways to detect Rh conflict. Prevention against the appearance of antibodies in a pregnant woman’s body can be the introduction of immunoglobulin into her body.

2013-10-15 07:52:41

Margarita asks:

Thank you very much for your answer. On your advice, I took an antibody test and got a trace. result: in the test tube there is blood type 1, Rh-negative, incomplete AT-NOT DETECTED, complete AT-NOT DETECTED, antibodies b and B-TITER AT NOT DETECTED. I can’t understand, is this analysis specifically for the titers of Rh antibodies or some other? I’m just confused, the possibilities are this moment I don’t have access to a doctor, please help me figure it out...Thank you in advance for your answer and for your work Previous correspondence Margarita question: Good afternoon. I have a question for you, I have had many pregnancies, a total of 7-9 (of which two births, 4 abortions, and miscarriages) my blood type is 1 negative, my husband has 1 positive, now more about pregnancies, January 2005 - childbirth (the child is Rh negative, his father is different), the second abortion is April 2006, third miscarriage at a short term - November 2006, fourth abortion in May 2008 (under medical indications not related to Rhesus conflict), February 2009 miscarriage, in March of the same year she became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, with the first positive blood (like her father ) - there were no antibodies during pregnancy at all, after my daughter there were 2 abortions, in 2010 and 2013, in 2013 the pregnancy occurred against the background of KOKAV vaccinations, I pierced all 6 pieces + there were more vaccinations... and it had to be interrupted, we want with my husband having another baby, what is the likelihood of Rh conflict in in this case if antibodies have never been produced before? Or are they all the same? There is a possibility that my body does not perceive positive blood fetus? Regarding my husband, most likely he is homozygous, since he was born from both positive parents, who both had first positive ones. blood types..Thank you in advance for your answer, tell me what to do with planning or is it better not to plan for children anymore??? Purpura Roksolana Yosipovna info: Obstetrician-gynecologist of the first category answer: If you want more children, then why not plan?! I advise you to check for the presence of antibodies outside of pregnancy; if the titer is elevated, then plasmaphoresis is necessary before planning another pregnancy. If antibodies are not detected, then get pregnant and undergo an ultrasound scan over time and donate blood for anti-Rhesus antibodies, which are donated at the first visit to the LC, at 20 weeks and then every 4 weeks. If the child inherits your Rh, then there will be no Rh conflict, but it is impossible to calculate this in advance. In the absence of isoimmunization at 28-32 weeks. introduced anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin and then in the first 72 hours after birth at the birth of an Rh (+) child. I wish you success!

Answers Purpura Roksolana Yosipovna:

According to the test results, no antibodies were found in you, so you can plan a pregnancy. The next time the analysis will need to be retaken when registering with the housing complex. Health to you and all the best!

2010-02-22 17:39:12

Irina asks:

I have Rhesus negative blood group 2, my husband has Rhesus 1 positive. At 8 weeks the pregnancy miscarried. An abortion was performed, but anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin was not administered. Yes, I didn’t even know that I have a Rh negative blood type. Although blood was donated during the abortion, I don’t know why they didn’t give it at least the next day... After reading information on the Internet, I’m generally afraid of getting pregnant, because... Everyone writes rabidly about the possibility of having a sick child. What should I do? My husband and I really want children.

Answers Medical consultant of the website portal:

Hello Irina! It’s not very clear what reasons you have to expect the birth of a sick child... Various groups blood and Rh factors of spouses do not lead to the birth of sick children if a woman treats pregnancy with full responsibility. After the onset of a new pregnancy (no earlier than 3 months after curettage), you will need to register in a timely manner with antenatal clinic and regularly donate blood for anti-Rh antibodies to timely identify signs of a developing Rh conflict. Even with Rhesus conflict (subject to timely provision of medical care) in most cases, healthy children are born. Take care of your health!

2014-03-01 09:42:18

Elena asks:

Hello, I have a 3rd pregnancy, 7 weeks, I had 1 abortion, 2 births, the children were negative, there were no antibodies during pregnancy, and yes, my blood type is 1-, my husband’s is 1+, the analysis showed a titer of 1:2, the doctor, says that this is not very good, advises abortion, what should I do?

Answers Purpura Roksolana Yosipovna:

Of course, it is difficult to predict, but the presence of an antibody titer is not a reason to terminate a pregnancy! It is necessary to monitor the development of pregnancy over time.

2013-11-21 11:22:57

Irina asks:

Good afternoon, please tell me what I should do. I am 31 years old, my husband is the same age, my blood type is 3, Rh negative, my husband is 1 (positive). I became pregnant 4 times, the first pregnancy was unsuccessful at 22 weeks, the fetus died (2003), the second pregnancy was successful and in 2005 we had a son whose blood type was 1 negative, after which in 2007 at 4 weeks I stupidly aborted pregnancy (abortion), in 2013 I really wanted to give birth to a second child, it didn’t work out for a long time and finally in September it happened, but at 7-8 weeks the embryo died, during an ultrasound we didn’t hear a heartbeat, although the development corresponded to the term, after the operation I received histologists - fibrinoid necrosis with hemorrhages, with focal inflammatory infiltration. What to do next? Is it worth planning a pregnancy, or should I stop and not take risks due to Rh conflict. What methods of preventing Rhesus conflict are currently available?

Answers Palyga Igor Evgenievich:

Have you been given anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin? In any case, you need to donate blood for anti-Rhesus antibodies outside of pregnancy. If they are, then undergo a course of plasmapheresis. Otherwise, it will be possible to carry a child to term only if the fetus has Rh (-).

2012-06-02 06:31:51

Natalya asks:

Hello, I have blood type 3 and my husband has blood type 2+. The first pregnancy was frozen; after cleansing, anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin was immediately administered. During my second pregnancy, antibodies appeared at 24 weeks. At 37 weeks, labor was induced as the titer increased. I won’t say the exact title, they didn’t tell me the latest results, I have a piece of paper on hand where the title is written as 1:128 (but it seemed to be 1:256). Why did antibodies appear if there was no Rh conflict during the first pregnancy and the risk should not have increased during the second pregnancy? And how to prepare for the next pregnancy? Local doctors are already saying that they will send you for an abortion. Is it true that the only chance to give birth is only if the child is Rh negative? Can the antibody titer decrease after childbirth? Is it possible to perform plasmapheresis to cleanse the blood before pregnancy? As far as I understand, immunity decreases after such a procedure. Thanks for the answer.

Answers Serpeninova Irina Viktorovna:

Plasmapheresis can be used to prepare for the next pregnancy. Have you been given anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin after childbirth? Have you determined the level of antibodies outside of pregnancy? The appearance of antibodies during pregnancy is facilitated by feto-placental insufficiency (which may have happened to you during your second pregnancy)

2009-11-18 21:36:32

Karina asks:

Good afternoon Please tell me, is it possible to have abortions with blood group 4 negative? I was very scared about this, that I would no longer be able to get pregnant. Thank you in advance.

2009-05-15 19:59:05

Svetlana asks:

Hello!
I’ll tell you about my situation - I have blood type 1, Rh factor is negative. My husband is grade 3, Rh positive. the first pregnancy was accompanied by a threat of miscarriage (spotting long time), after which we decided to have an abortion (at about 8-9 weeks).
After the abortion, immunoglobulin was not injected. I didn’t know anything about it at the time.
the second attempt (in 2008) also had a complication - placental abruption began (at an early stage of 5-6 weeks), but doctors managed to stop this, but then an ultrasound at 11 weeks revealed a malformation in the child (wrist) . after that, since the deadlines were running out, it was urgently decided to have an abortion at the 12th week. During my second pregnancy, I was tested for the presence of antibodies - there were none. (no tests were done the first time). after the second abortion, immunoglobulin was also not administered (!).
after treatment (courses of anti-inflammatory and antibiotics) and hormonal therapy (OK Yarina 4 cycles) - what can you say about my situation? can I hope to be able to give birth to a child? and what do I need to do for this? I am already 30 years old, and I would like not to delay this. I tried to describe the problem in as much detail as possible. thanks in advance for your answer!

Answers Bystrov Leonid Alexandrovich:

Hello Svetlana! You shouldn't despair, I think you'll still be fine. And now specifically about the situation: perhaps the cause of pregnancy failure could be not only the Rh conflict (although it has not been specifically proven - the presence of antibodies), so I recommend that you consult a reproduction center for a serious examination and treatment.

2016-06-30 09:00:20

Ekaterina asks:

24 years old, regular cycle, 26 days, ovulation on the 14th day. My husband is 39 years old. Nobody has children. The environment in the city is not the best, but we don’t work in hazardous industries, we don’t drink, we don’t smoke, and we take care of our health.

Last year there was a spontaneous abortion at 4 weeks (we can say that it was bhb), and in the next cycle there was a new pregnancy, but it froze at 8 weeks, judging by the CTE. During that pregnancy, I felt terrible, and after taking tests for thyroid hormones, I began taking thyroxine. After failure, I became pregnant again as soon as the doctors allowed. The pregnancy was going well, but it also suddenly stopped at 8 weeks, according to KTR.

In both pregnancies there was no bleeding or pain (there was spotting after PA with the second one frozen due to the cervix, everything stopped in a couple of days, according to the ultrasound then everything was fine, it was 5 weeks + 6 days, and the size was set at 6 weeks and 4 days, Sat+).

By husband: My husband had some missed pregnancies in his family, but all the children born were healthy. According to the spermogram, everything is fine, but the morphology is not taken into account (for some reason there is no description of it at all). I tested for ureaplasma, mycoplasma, chlamydia, gonococcus and trichomonas - clean. I recently had a full blood test, blood biochemistry, and a urine test - no abnormalities, white blood cells are normal, there is only a little mucus in the urine. My husband went to the doctor because of morning swelling of his face.

For me: TORCH - negative (although my husband is a carrier of CMV and herpes), antibodies to rubella, culture for STDs is clean, PCR from the c/channel for chlamydia and pathogenic mycoplasma - negative. Homocysteine ​​in the absence of folate intake is 5 or 6, that is, the norm. Thyroid hormones have been adjusted - thyroxine is 50. Progesterone in the second phase is 53 nmol/l, and during pregnancy at week 5 it was 94 nmol/l.

During pregnancy I took thyroxine, iodomarin and folic acid 1 mg. Before all her pregnancies, she was on the COC Diana 35 for 5 years, and she felt excellent.

There is no way to do karyotyping of the abortion or us - they simply don’t do it in the city, so one can only guess about CA. According to histology, for the first time, the general picture is inflammation (in principle, it is logical, since I was already admitted for a week, or even more, frozen). After the first frozen bleeding for a long time, they injected Dicinon and Gordox before cleaning, then a new cycle came after 22 days, they discovered a follicular cyst and a placental polyp. A new cycle began after 26 days and this frequency continues to this day; with the new cycle, this polyp was squeezed out of itself. Menstruation became adequate.

Ultrasound conclusions of frozen bodies, if it makes sense:
1 zb - chorion thickness 0.66 cm, ktr 1.6 cm, ya 3.9 cm, sb -, location along the anterior wall with transition to the pharynx - carried out according to obstetrics 8 weeks + 2 days
2 zb - chorion thickness 0.9 cm, hypoechoic KTR 1.79 cm, 5 cm, sb -, location along the posterior wall - carried out according to obstetrics 8 weeks + 3 days

1. Questions about synthetic progesterone: is it indicated for me during pregnancy?
2. Question about hemostasis mutations, does it make sense?
3. Should I be tested for AFS, lupus anticoagulant?
4. The second pregnancy hasn’t been cleaned yet, tomorrow I’m going to take a coagulogram - if it’s relatively normal, does it make sense to look for hemostasis mutations?
5. Should I increase my folate intake during pregnancy? Maybe a femibion, for example, will be enough? Or group B in general, the base dose? With folic 1 mg, the corner of the mouth cracks, with the addition of other B vitamins everything returns to normal.
6. Maybe you can tell me something else, thanks in advance. If you need scans of any studies, I will attach them.

Answers Serpeninova Irina Viktorovna.

In a woman’s life, sometimes circumstances arise that do not allow her to continue her existing pregnancy. Abortion intervention is always a risk. No matter how competent the specialist, abortion poses a threat to both the patient’s health and her reproductive capabilities in the future. But for Rh-negative women, termination of pregnancy can result in infertility or stillbirth. So, abortion with a negative Rh factor: why is it so dangerous?

Women with Rh negative blood are familiar with the concept of Rh conflict - pathological condition when the mother's body produces antibodies to the blood cells of the developing fetus. This only happens if unborn child has Rh positive blood.

The mechanism of development of Rh conflict

Rhesus antigen (a specific agglutinogen protein) is located in the membrane of blood cells (erythrocytes). People with this type of blood are called Rh positive. They are the majority in the world - 70-85%. If a woman does not have Rh antigen in her blood, she is considered Rh negative.

If a Rh-positive woman develops a fetus with Rh antigens in the womb, then a Rh conflict occurs. Hematopoiesis in the fetus begins to form from 7-8 weeks of intrauterine life. Since the Rh antigen of the embryo is foreign to its mother, the pregnant woman’s body begins to produce specific anti-Rh antibodies. During the first pregnancy, their number is insignificant, since the likelihood of fetal blood entering the mother’s bloodstream is minimal. And a woman can safely carry and give birth to a healthy child without complications and the occurrence of Rh conflict.

But during childbirth, abortive interventions, with the threat of miscarriage and premature placental abruption, pronounced sensitization of the body occurs. With subsequent pregnancies and repeated contact with foreign antigens, a powerful release of specific antibodies will certainly occur. This happens because immune memory cells retain information about the primary contact between the blood of the mother and the fetus.
Abortion and Rh negative factor
During an abortion, isoimmunization occurs in the body of a woman with negative Rh blood (immunization of the pregnant woman with fetal red blood cells). As a result of this, the concentration of anti-Rhesus antibodies increases, and they begin to penetrate into the bloodstream of the unborn child, causing severe disorders and inhibiting the process of hematopoiesis of the embryo.

Rh factor negative

Among the complications of Rhesus conflict are the following:

• hemolytic disease: hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells occurs, resulting in the formation of breakdown products that have a toxic effect on the fetus;
• severe anemia;
• oxygen starvation of the fetus;
• acidosis, intrauterine fetal death;
• stillbirth, miscarriages;
• an increase in the size of internal organs with disruption of their functions;
• encephalopathy.

Thus, abortion and Rh negative blood type are a dangerous combination, even if. Every woman who wants to be a mother and have healthy children should know about her belonging to a certain blood group and Rh factor.

Signs of Rh conflict

The pregnant woman does not notice any external manifestations of Rh conflict. Sometimes the pathological process is combined with symptoms of gestosis. Rh conflict is diagnosed by the presence of specific antibodies in a woman’s blood. The severity of the pathological process is determined precisely by their concentration (antibody titer). The fetus itself can suffer greatly during a conflict. Signs of abnormalities in an unborn child can be easily detected by ultrasound:

• swelling is diagnosed;
• the doctor discovers fluid in the abdominal cavity, brain;
• heart size increases;
• the placenta thickens;
• acute fetal hypoxia is observed;
• the weight of the fetus increases sharply.

If no measures are taken to stop the development of the pathological process, the fetal body suffers severe disturbances and dies. But what should Rh negative women do if abortion cannot be avoided?

If you have a negative Rh factor, abortion is undesirable

Abortion with negative Rh factor
Abortion in Rh-negative women should take place as early as possible in pregnancy - 7-9 weeks from conception. It is during this period that the hematopoietic system begins to form in the unborn child and the risk of sensitization of the mother’s body increases.

Termination of pregnancy may also have purely medical indications. In this case, the most important thing is to prevent the development of sensitization. Medical abortion for women with negative Rh blood should be carried out in the early stages of pregnancy, after a thorough diagnosis and preparatory stage. Immediately after the abortion, the patient is given anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin, but the likelihood of Rh conflict occurring in subsequent pregnancies still remains.

Abortion itself carries a risk of developing infertility, and negative Rh blood can contribute to subsequent miscarriages, the birth of a child with hemolytic disease and developmental disabilities. Particularly dangerous are late-term abortions performed surgical methods. Scraping the fertilized egg from the uterine cavity leads to damage to the endometrium and the development of an inflammatory process. In the future, this may prevent the implantation of the embryo and the development of a full pregnancy.

During abortion, the cervix is ​​often injured, the upper layer of the endometrium becomes thinner, and perforation (perforation) may occur. The echoes of a pregnancy interrupted in this way are hormonal disorders, chronic inflammatory processes and, as a result, a terrible tragedy in a woman’s life - the inability to become a mother. The medical indications for an abortion are negligible. Thanks to modern means avoid contraception unwanted pregnancy Every woman can. The ethical side of the issue should also be very important for a reasonable and compassionate person.

According to medical statistics, many lives are not saved due to the fact that people simply did not know their blood type or Rh.

As for pregnancies, not knowing that a woman is Rh negative and not providing the necessary medical care could cost the life of the fetus. Simply put, this is one of the reasons for miscarriages.

Now, of course, this does not happen - the 21st century is just outside - but the problem of Rh negativity in pregnant women remains.

What is the Rh factor?

Human blood is examined in laboratory conditions and is constantly studied. At the same time, more and more new systems are appearing for “counting and reading” the information carried by any liquid, and blood, being a biological fluid, even more so.

There is an ABO system. Within this system, one of the most important antigens is released - antigen D. It is he who determines the Rh of a person’s blood.

If D is detected on the surface of red blood cells, then the Rhesus of the person whose blood was taken for analysis is positive. If there is no D antigen in the blood, then we can say with confidence that the Rh factor is negative.

It is on the basis of the determination of this antigen that the laboratory research by determining the human Rh factor. Medicine has come a long way, so they are done very quickly and are not complicated.

By the way, Every person needs to know both their blood type and Rh factor. This may be needed in emergency situations, during blood transfusions, and even more so for pregnant women.

What is Rh conflict?

When the mother is Rh negative and the father is Rh positive, the probability that their child will also be Rh positive is more than 60%.

A “negative” mother, carrying a “positive” child, exchanges nutrients with him through the blood during her life and pregnancy. And this is where the mother’s body can “sense something is wrong.”

Clinically, this can be determined in such a way that antibodies will appear in her blood, and their number may begin to increase rapidly. The body produces these antibodies to fight the D antigen present in the blood of a “positive” child.

Of course, no mother wishes harm to her child, but this is how the human body works: having noticed that “something is not going according to the plan,” or rather, “the schemes do not match,” it begins to destroy what, in its opinion, is wrong. In this case, it is the blood of a little man. Rh conflict arises.

No matter how scary this name may sound, the Rh conflict can be smoothed out by infusing the child with “negative” blood, and a disease such as hematuria may not occur. It is quite a rare occurrence, and we will talk about it a little later.

Situations leading to Rh conflict

• “negative” woman + “positive” man;
• second and subsequent pregnancies of a woman with a negative Rh factor;
• the entry of the baby’s blood into the mother’s body during the first pregnancy;
• blood transfusion performed by the mother before pregnancy and without taking into account the Rh factor;
• pathologies during pregnancy: placental abruption and intrauterine bleeding requiring hospitalization;
• at the mother's.

If the child’s father is also “negative”, then, most likely, the child will again take after his father, and the pregnancy will go smoothly.

But even if the mother is “negative”, the father is “positive”, and the child is “positive”, there is no need to become depressed! Modern medicine is quite capable of providing you with the opportunity to carry and give birth. healthy baby, no different from others.

Blood will need to be donated, perhaps, every week. However, all pregnant women are more later I donate blood every week, this is only at the very beginning - once every two months, and then once a month.

Features of pregnancy with negative Rhesus

Negative Rh factor is not a pathology, and the pregnancy of such a woman is in no way something unnatural.

Of course, you need to know your Rh (and the child’s Rh) and be prepared for complications, but in many cases the pregnancy of a “negative woman” is completely normal. Especially if the child’s father is also “negative”. However, even if this is not the case, you still shouldn’t worry ahead of time.

During the first pregnancy

During the first pregnancy the risk of its abnormal course is especially low, because the pregnant woman’s body has not yet developed antibodies to the baby’s antigens, and with maintenance therapy in a hospital setting, pregnancy can proceed more or less smoothly.

There is a small risk of the baby developing anemia(lack of blood), but by transfusion this problem is eliminated. The woman should be under constant supervision of an obstetrician-gynecologist, and her blood should be tested weekly, or even more often, to monitor the appearance of antibodies in the blood.

Modern medicine makes it possible to artificially reduce their number so that the child can develop unhindered in the womb and complete the pregnancy.

During childbirth there will be a peak in the formation of antibodies by the woman’s body to the blood of an Rh-positive fetus as a result of blood loss, and it makes sense to introduce a drug that will suppress the development of such antibodies in the future.

In many ways, it makes sense to do this if a woman is again planning a pregnancy with an Rh-positive man. This drug immunoglobulin, will help significantly reduce in the future " side effects» Rh-negative pregnancy.

During the second and subsequent pregnancies

If the woman has not had an injection of Rh immunoglobulin, then the risks increase with each subsequent pregnancy. This is where more serious problems begin: we are no longer talking about mild anemia and problems that can be easily solved by blood transfusions.

The child may develop pathology characteristic of pregnant mothers with negative Rhesus - hemolytic disease. If it is suspected, a pregnant woman is immediately hospitalized: it may be necessary to artificially maintain the life of the child in the womb. We will have to reduce their biological metabolism as much as possible, as if “protecting” the child from the antibodies of the mother’s body.

If the fetal red blood cells continue to be severely destroyed, bilirubin increases, and jaundice begins. The brain may gradually begin to deteriorate; in general, even if doctors manage to bring this process under control, the chances of giving birth to a healthy child drop sharply.

That's why immunoglobulin vaccine has more value , if you are planning a subsequent pregnancy with a “positive” or “negative” man.

In addition, there are often cases when the second or third pregnancy of a “negative” woman has to be artificially terminated, because further bearing of the child becomes impractical and inhumane - neither for the parents nor for the baby.

A after an abortion There can be no question of a subsequent pregnancy for a woman with negative Rhesus.

The effect of negative Rh on the baby's health

Childbirth may occur ahead of schedule due to stress and constant medical interventions. This in itself is not dangerous. In general, a child may be born completely normal, but his blood will be immediately taken for analysis.

In the first years of life, the baby may suffer from elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood., which means that serious physical activity will be contraindicated for him.

The fact is that such a diagnosis implies increased pressure on the brain and stress on the liver. The child will have to be protected from hepatitis throughout his life.

However, modern drugs can maintain liver function at the proper level for many years, and over time, due to the reserves of the young body, the child’s condition can improve to almost normal.

He will be given hematogen as a treat to increase the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Otherwise, in adolescence Depression and apathy may begin, aggravated by hypotension - low blood pressure.

Such a child needs sports in reasonable quantities: It is very important for him to be in good shape, then all his organs will be in good shape, and bilirubin will gradually normalize.

In short, don't be afraid or worry: it's practically healthy child , who will not be hindered one bit from achieving success in life by the fact that his mother had a negative Rh blood factor!

The main thing is to monitor his health and avoid overload. However, as you can see, such advice is relevant for almost all babies born in our century. So let's repeat it again: a child from a “negative” mother is normal.

Features of pregnancy management in women with negative Rhesus

It is advisable to immediately go into storage so that doctors are nearby as soon as their help is needed.

Rh negative blood should always be ready for transfusion in case the mother's antibodies begin to multiply too quickly and pose a threat to the fetus.

In principle, it is possible that the pregnancy will proceed completely calmly. In this case, the benefit will be the mother’s weak immune system, which will not have time to detect something “foreign” in her body during the period of gestation.

True, in this case, expectant mother need to be provided comfortable conditions stationary residence and exclude any possibility of contracting colds. This is especially worth paying attention to during heating shutdowns or hot water: You have to take good care.

Maternal blood test for antibodies is done at least once a week, drugs aimed at combating them are used only in extreme cases, but still it is better not to lead to the need for transfusion.

Prevention and treatment of Rh conflict

On how effectively they will be carried out preventive actions by a qualified doctor, it depends on whether treatment for Rh-conflict is needed at all, or whether it will be possible to get by with light supportive procedures.

However, the doctor’s arsenal for prevention is not so large: The most important thing is to catch the moment in time when the mother’s body begins to react too violently to the fetus. In a blood test for antibodies, all this is clearly visible. The ideal situation would be when there are no antibodies yet and the pregnancy is proceeding calmly.

As soon as antibodies appear in the mother's blood, the doctor must continuously monitor the child's condition. If he does not have enough blood, oxygen starvation and anemia may begin, and this is quite dangerous. To avoid this, blood with a negative Rh factor, like the mother's, is administered to the child through the umbilical cord, constantly monitoring his condition on monitors.

Sometimes an immunoglobulin injection may be necessary, suppressing the production of antibodies by the mother's body that destroy the red blood cells of the fetus. But this is only if the risk is justified, and maintaining the viability of the fetus in other ways becomes increasingly difficult.

After birth, the baby will most likely not require any treatment. At most, you will have to “clean” the blood a little and normalize all vital indicators.